MYOLOGY. 49 



mus ; ', femoral fascia ; ', investment of the tensor vaginae femoris muscle ; 

 *, fascia of the leg ; ", dorsal fascia of the foot. 



PI. 129, ßg. 21, cross ligament of the foot. 



Fig. 22, plantar aponeurosis. 



Fig. 9, cross section of the right thigh, about the middle, to show the 

 arrangement of the fascia. 



Fig. 10, cross section of the leg. 



3. Special Anatomy of the Muscles. 



Ä. Muscles of the Head. 



We may divide the muscles of the head into those of the cranium and 

 those of the face. The proper muscles of the cranium are the occipito- 

 frontalis and the three common muscles of the ear. The superficial muscles 

 of the face are thirty-three in number, arranged in sixteen pairs and one 

 azygos. They belong as follows : 



Three pairs belong to the palpebral ; viz. orbicularis palpebrarum, tensor 

 tarsi, and corrugator supercilii. 



Four pairs belong to the nose ; viz. pyramidalis nasi, levator labii superi- 

 oris alaeque nasi, compressor and depressor naris. 



Three pairs belong to the upper lip ; viz. levator labii superioris, levator 

 anguli oris, and depressor labii superioris. 



Three pairs belong to the lower lip ; viz. depressor anguli oris, depressor 

 labii inferioris, and levator labii inferioris. 



Three pairs to the mouth ; viz. zygomaticus major, minor, and buccinator; 

 also one azygos, the orbicularis oris. 



The deep muscles of the face which are connected with the lower maxilla 

 and are concerned in mastication, are the masseter, temporal, internal, and 

 external pterygoid of each side. 



We shall now proceed, in as brief terms as possible, to describe the attach- 

 ments and functions of the most important of these muscles. 



Occipito-frontalis. This is a single muscle, consisting of two symmetrical 

 parts, coming from the back of the head and inserted into the front of it. 

 It is placed immediately under the scalp, and has four bellies of muscular 

 fibres, connected by a thick tendon. It arises from the superior semicircular 

 ridges of the occipital bone, and is inserted into the superior margin of the 

 orbicularis oculi, and of the corrugator supercilii ; also into the os frontis 

 and the roof of the nasal bones. Its object is to pull the skin backwards 

 and forwards, throwing that of the forehead into horizontal wrinkles ; it 

 elevates the eyebrows. 



The common muscles of the ear are: 1. Superior auris, or attollens aurem, 

 arising from the cranial aponeurosis, and inserted into the upper and ante- 

 rior part of the cartilage of the ear ; its use is to raise the cartilage, and to 

 stretch the epicranial fascia. 2. Anterior auris, or attrihens aurem ; this 

 arises from the posterior part of the zygomatic process, and from the cranial 

 aponeurosis, and is inserted into the anterior part of the helix. Use : to 



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