60 ANTHROPOLOGY. 



draw the external ear forwards and upwards. 3. Posterior auris, or reira- 

 hens aurem, arises from the mastoid process above the sterno-mastoid muscle, 

 and is inserted into the back part of the concha. Use : to enlarge the 

 meatus of the ear, and to direct it backwards. 



Orbicularis, or sphincter palpebrarum. This is a broad circular muscle, 

 lying immediately under the skin of the eyelids. The first point of this 

 muscle is principally the ligamentum palpebrale internum, and the internal 

 can thus of the orbit ; elsewhere it is but loosely attached to the subjacent 

 parts. 



Tensor tarsi. This arises from the posterior edge of the os unguis, passes 

 forwards, and is inserted into the lachrymal ducts. Use : to draw the 

 puncta and eyelids in close contact with the eye, and to press the former 

 towards the nose ; this muscle is sometimes called Horner's muscle, from 

 its discoverer. 



' Corrugator supercilii arises from the internal angular process of the os 

 frontis, and is inserted into the middle of the eyebrow, mixing with the 

 orbicularis and occipito-frontalis muscles. Use: to depress and approxi- 

 mate the eyebrows, throwing the skin into vertical wrinkles, as in frowning. 



Pyramidalis nasi arises from the occipito-frontalis, and is inserted into the 

 compressor nasi muscle. Use : to raise the skin covering the ossa nasi. 



Compressor nasi is a thin and triangular muscle, placed on the side of the 

 nose, between the skin and the cartilage ; it arises from the inner side of 

 the canine fossa, in the superior maxilla, and is inserted by a thin aponeu- 

 rosis into the dorsum of the nose, joining some fibres from the opposite side; 

 its use is to press the ala towards the septum, or to draw it from it, so as 

 alternately to enlarge or diminish the anterior nares. 



Levator labii superior-is ala^que nasi is a long, thin, triangular muscle, placed 

 on the side of the nose, between the orbit and the upper lip ; it arises from 

 two ridges : first, from the upper extremity of the nasal process of the supe- 

 rior maxilla ; second, from the edge of the orbit above the infra-orbital 

 hole ; it is inserted into the ala nasi, and into the upper lip and orbicularis 

 oris ; its use is indicated by the name. 



Zygomaticus minor is very small, and sometimes wanting ; it arises from 

 the upper part of the malar bone, and is inserted into the upper lip, near the 

 commissure. Use : to draw the angle of the mouth upwards and outwards, 

 as in smiling. 



Levator anguli oris (musculus caninus) is situated about the middle of the 

 face ; it arises from the canine fossa in the superior maxillary bone, imme- 

 diately below the infra-orbital foramen, and above the alveolus of the first 

 molar tooth, and is inserted into the commissure of the lips, and into the 

 orbicularis oris. 



Depressor labii superioris alceque nasi. This arises from the myrtiform 

 fossa in front of the alveoli of the canine and incisor teeth of the upper 

 maxilla, and is inserted into the integuments of the upper lip, and into the 

 fibro-cartilage of the septum and ala nasi. Use : to press the lips against 

 the anterior teeth, and to depress the septum and ala nasi. 



Depressor anguli vel triangularis oris is a flat and triangular muscle, 

 756 



