NEUROLOGY. 125 



head proper ; as also the volume of its lower portion e c, with that of the 

 upper c f. The former of these bears reference to the perceptive faculties, 

 the latter to the reflective. 



Finally, take the entire circumference of the head into consideration, and 

 compare the height with the breadth, by which means we shall obtain the 

 relation between the lateral and the superior region. The usually greater 

 development of the lateral region in proportion to that of the fore part of 

 the head, again points to the preponderance of the animal in man. We 

 may next proceed to the consideration of the single organs situated in each 

 of these regions. 



In the frontal part of the head lie the intellectual faculties, the perceptive 

 being inferior and the reflective superior. All the rest of the head belongs 

 to the feelings; the basilar and lateral portions to the instincts, the vertical 

 to the feelings. The part adb of the region of the vertex deserves especial 

 mention, on account of the influence which the organs situated in it exer- 

 cise upon the operations of all the rest, exciting and communicating a 

 greater degree of energy to them. This part of the head, in connexion 

 with a well developed frontal and vertical region, imparts strengt! i 

 both to the intellectual and the moral faculties, while in connexion 

 with a high development of the basilar region it invigorates the animal 

 impulses. 



Quite recently Carus has endeavored to establish Cranioscopy on a more 

 scientific basis than hitherto. He starts with the principle that the skull 

 consists of three vertebras, and that these three vertebrae correspond to the 

 three divisions of the brain, anterior, middle, and posterior ; which in turn 

 stand in strictest relation to the three directions of spiritual activity, the 

 intellect, the sensibility, and the will. He made use of every opportunity 

 in his power to obtain measurements of the most diverse heads, comparing, 

 too, a great number of skulls and plaster casts, and from his different 

 examinations attained to the following noteworthy results. We may remark 

 that the measurements given are in the German inch, which is slightly 

 larger than the English. 



He never found that among men in whom there existed a deficient 

 development of the anterior or frontal vertebra (in height less than 4 inches 

 6 lines measured from the opemng of the ear, and a breadth of forehead 

 less than 4 inches) there was any decided intellectual development. On 

 the other hand, in an extensive series of remarkably intellectual indivi- 

 duals he found the volume of the frontal vertebra to be always considerable 

 (5 inches to 5} high and i-j to o inches broad). As instances Carus adduces 

 Kant, the great metaphysician; Ehrenberg, the naturalist; lietzius ot 

 Stockholm, the anatomist ; Von Eaumer, the historian ; Von Lindenau, the 

 statesman ; the artists, Eauch (5 inches 4 lines high, 4 inches 7 lines broad), 

 Bendeniann, and Thorwaklsen (5 inches 2 lines high, 4 inches 8 lines broad); 

 the poets, Schiller, Goethe, and Tieck : in all thcs(> there was a striking 

 anterior development. In the head of the Italian philosopher Nobili alone 

 did he find so slight dimensions as a height of 4^ inches, and a breadth of 

 4i, and in his case the whole skull Avas very delicately organized, the bones 



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