186 ANTHROPOLOGY. 



opened. Fig. 31, pharynx opened from behind, showing the posterior part 

 of the fauces : ', internal pterygoid muscle ; ", stylo-pharyngeal muscle ; 

 "•', posterior nares ; \ velum palati with the «ivula; *'', its two crura 

 to the tongue ; between them the depression for the tonsils, ' ; ', isthmus 

 faucium ; '°, base of the tongue ; ", opening of the larynx ; ", posterior wall 

 of the larynx ; ", portion of the trachea. 



2. The Tongue, though somewhat triangular, is of a very variable shape ; 

 its base, thick and broad, is connected to the epiglottis and to the palate by 

 folds of mucous membrane (the former are the fraena of the epiglottis, the 

 latter are the arches of the palate), and to the os hyoides and inferior 

 maxilla by muscles, to the latter also by a mucous fold, the fraenum linguae; 

 the apex is thin and unattached ; that portion between it and the base is 

 named the body of the tongue ; all the upper surface, the sides, and about 

 one third of its inferior surface, are covered by mucous membrane, which 

 is very rough superiorly, from the number of papillae that project through 

 it ; anteriorly, these papillae are small, conical, and connected with the 

 terminations of the nerves of taste ; posteriorly they are large, round, fungi- 

 form, lenticular, and very irregular; these are small glands which open on 

 the mucous surface ; near the epiglottis these glandular papillae are often 

 observed to have a peculiar arrangement, like the letter V, the concavity 

 turned forwards ; these are of a conical form, the apex attached in a little 

 membranous cup or calyx ; behind the apex of this angle a deep depression 

 (foramen coecum) is observable ; this contains some mucous follicles. A 

 superficial groove or raphe runs along the dorsum or top of the tongue ; one 

 more distinct exists along the inferior surface ; and a cellulo-ligamentous 

 line divides it mesially into two symmetrical portions. This line is more 

 distinct near the base ; in some animals it is very dense and even bony ; in 

 paralysis one side only of this organ is frequently found affected. The 

 substance of the tongue is composed of adeps blended with numerous mus- 

 cular fibres derived from the stylo, hyo, genio-hyo-glossi, and lingualis 

 muscles, and of many other fleshy fibres which do not properly belong to 

 any of these; two large arteries (lingual) and six considerable nerves (the 

 gustatory, the lingual and the glosso-pharyngeal, on each side) supply this 

 organ. The tongue is not only the organ of taste, but by its great mobility 

 it assists in speech, in suction, and in deglutition. The fifth pair of nerves 

 endow the tongue with sensation and with the sense of taste, the ninth with 

 mobility, and the eighth supply its base with sensation, and connect the 

 motions of this organ with those of the pharynx and stomach. 



PI. 129, fig. 27, dorsum or top of the tongue : ', foramen coecum ; ''■ ', fun- 

 giform papillae of the tongue ; '' ' '- ', conical papillae ; '■ "' '' ", series of filiform 

 papillae ; \ mucous gland of the base of the tongue ; '- "' *, folds of the mucous 

 membrane to the epiglottis. 



PI. 127, fig. 4, hyoid muscles of the right side : ', anterior ; ', posterior 

 belly of the digastric muscle ; ', mylo-hyoid muscle ; ', stylo-hyoid do. ; 

 ', stylo-glossus muscle ; ', stylo-pharyngeal do. ; ', sterno-hyoid do. ; \ omo- 

 hyoid muscle ; \ thyro-hyoid muscle ; '", sterno-hyoid muscle. Fig. 7, 

 muscles of the tongue : \ stylo-glossus ; '', hyo-glossus ; ', lingualis ; \ lower 

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