212 ANTHROPOLOGY. 



Bowen has proposed a mode of operating whicli he calls hyalonyxis 

 {fig. 13) ; a curved needle, with the convexity anterior, is so introduced, 

 about three or three and a half lines from the margin of the cornea, and one 

 line beneath the transverse diameter, as to enter the vitreous humor behind 

 the lens and capsule ; the posterior wall of the capsule is torn, the lens 

 depressed in the vitreous humor, and the anterior wall of the capsule then 

 torn in a similar manner. 



3. Contraction and Obliteration of the Pupil (Syninesis, Obturatio, 

 Imperforatio, Phthisis pupillas, Atresia iridis). There are three methods by 

 means of which an artificial pupil can be obtained: 1. By cutting the fibres 

 of the iris {coretomia or iridotomia); 2. By cutting out a segment of the 

 iris {corectomia, iridectomia) ; 3. By destroying the connexion between iris 

 and ciliary ligament {coirdialysis, indodiah/sis). Sometimes two methods are 

 combined, for the sake of greater certainty. 



In iridotomy and iridectomy, an incision is first made in the cornea, 

 through which the operator introduces a pair of very delicate scissors {pi. 

 140, figs. 42, 43), which may be either straight or curved ; these are to be 

 opened, and one point to be inserted into the iris, and a section made run- 

 ning towards the transverse diameter. A second section is so made as to 

 include a V-shaped piece between the two {pi 139,^^. 14). Owing to the 

 not unfrequent junction of the iris at the edges of the insections, the second 

 mode of operation was resorted to, that of iridectomy, in which a pupil was 

 formed by cutting out a portion of the iris. This is conducted in a manner 

 similar to the last processes ; the piece there formed is taken up by fine for- 

 ceps {pi. 140, ßgs. 44, 45, 46), and cut off with fine scissors. The hook- 

 forceps {fg. 44) have been used to advantage in these and similar opera- 

 tions, to insure a firm hold of the object to be grasped. 



6. Hare-Lip. 



Hare-lip is a congenital malformation of the lip, an arrest in the develop- 

 ment of it while the remaining portions of the system have advanced to 

 proper perfection. It generally occurs alone, but frequently is found asso- 

 ciated with a fissure of the palate. 



The first part of the operation consists in paring the edges of the lip, 

 either with scissors or with the scalpel. 



In operating with the scissors {lil. 139, fig. 17), the lower corner of the 

 fissure is grasped with the hand or a hook, the lip drawn downwards and 

 outwards, the blunt edge of a tolerably strong pair of scissors is introduced 

 between the jaw and the lip, and the borders of the incision are taken off at 

 a single cut. The bent scissors re2Dresented in ^j?. 140, fig. 18, are most 

 convenient for this pur])Ose. After the cuts have been made on each side 

 of the fissure, the second stage of the operation is to be carried out, consist- 

 ing in the approximation of the wounded edges, which are retained by 

 needles, but sometimes by adhesive plaster. 



The bloody suture (sutura cruenta) is effected in various ways. The 

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