214 ANTHROPOLOGY. 



just beliind the tonsil, and, if necessary, the anterior pillar likewise ; the 

 wound in each part being about a quarter of an inch in extent. Lastly, 

 stitches are introduced by means of a curved needle set in a handle, and the 

 threads tied, so as to keep the edges accurately in contact {pi. 139, fig. 31). 



8. Odontalgia. 



. Diseases of the teeth are so numerous and important, that their treatment 

 constitutes a separate branch of surgery. We shall here only refer briefly 

 to the principal instruments used in the extraction of teeth, usually the only 

 method by which odontalgia, or tooth-ache, can be effectually cured. In 

 the multiplicity of contrivances for extracting teeth under all possible cir- 

 cumstances, we can find room for comparatively few. 



The first step in the extraction of teeth consists in cutting the gum around 

 the neck of the one affected. Convenient instruments for this purpose are 

 those invented by Cruce (/>/. 140, figs. 69, 70). They consist of two handles 

 with sharp bent extremities. Fare's apparatus {fig. 71) is a steel rod, fast- 

 ened into a handle, and with a spatulate bent end. 



For the extraction, we have first the parrot-healctd fijrceps {fig. 72), with 

 a spring between the handles to keep them apart. Fig. 73 represents the 

 large curved forceps for extracting canine and anterior molar teeth. Mor- 

 tet's forceps {figs. 71, 75). 



PI. 139, fig. 28, illustrates the mode of extracting a lower incisor by 

 means of the forceps. 



The simple key {pi. 140, fig. 76 a h) consists of a steel stem, four and a 

 half inches long, with a wooden or bone handle. Into an incision in the 

 bent upper end, the hook, i, is inserted and retained by a screw. 



The key with movable hooks {fig. 77) is much like the preceding, except 

 in having an offset, a, which receives the hook, &, and is held by a screw. 



PI. 139, fig. 29, exhibits the method of extracting a back tooth by means 

 of a key. The stem of the instrument is usually wrapped with a handker- 

 chief, to prevent contusion of the gums. 



9. Eestoratiox of Lost Parts. 

 {Cliirurgia curtorwn, Trmtsplantatio, Merioplastice.) 



This art has been known for a long period of time. It depends upon the 

 highly interesting physiological phenomenon, that parts of the body may be 

 separated and transferred to another part, or even to an entirely different 

 individual, and yet form a vital and persistent attachment. It is in cases 

 of deficiency or malformation of parts of the face, that this art has been 

 made use of with greatest success, and especially in the formation of a new 

 nose, known as the Taliacotian or rhinoplastic operation. 



Restoration of the nose hy means of a flap from the forehead. In the 

 first place, a model corresponding to the face and stump of the nose is to 

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