456 
wing into a beam- and a fan-part (Spreiten- und Faltenteil as 
SPULER has termed them). 
In the species Miniodes discolor, near akin to the genus 
Ophideres, the dark A-diagonal separates the orange-coloured 
forewing-area into two parts: both of them well showing the Cossid 
markings. A remarkable detail in this case is the uniform pink 
colouring of the hindwing on its upperside, the under one showing 
just the reverse: self-coloured forewing, Cossid markings on the 
hind one. 
On the upper-side of Nyctipao crepuscularis (Suirz Ill, Pl. 
58) markings in three different directions coöperate to form the 
pattern: 1. transversal markings, especially the white line running 
from the anterior to the posterior margin through the centre of 
fore- and hindwing, but also the dark bar near to the wing-root, 
representing Bar VI or VII, 2. the V-diagonal designs of the forewing, 
3. a white stripe, forming an obtuse angle with the V-diagonal, and 
running parallel to the A-diagonal. Inside the angle, made by 
the V- and the A-diagonals, an eye-spot has been differentiated from 
elements of the transversal markings. 
Still sharper these three directions of wing-markings stand out in 
dark bars against a creamy-white fond on the fore-wings of the 
arctiid Areas galactina. So numerous are the cases of V- and 
A-diagonal-design, that I will not even venture to summarize them 
and compare them to each other. As a general result however of 
my comparative investigations, I feel justified to assert, that every- 
where the secondary character of this pattern may be stated with 
surety, and that in the great majority of cases the underside shows 
no trace of one of these oblique lines, whereas clear vestiges of the 
seven original transversal bars nearly always occur, and are also 
frequently present on the upperside, though generally incomplete. 
In Rhopalocera the V-diagonal-design, when it occurs, is restricted 
to the underside, and here serves to establish the leaf-imitating 
character. 
Groningen, April 1919. 
