59 



lime, the trigljcei'ide splits up practically directly into glycerine and 

 fatty acid/) 



This result is in contlict with the results of Lewkowitch '), who 

 in the alcalic saponitication of tallow and cottonseed oil concluded 

 to a saponification in measurable stages from the increase of the 

 acetyl value. It is, indeed, not probable that tallow and cottonseed 

 oil would have a stagewise saponitication in alcalic surroundings, 

 aiid palmkernel oil practically not. 



As in the saponification of olive oil, tallow and tristearine with 

 normal KOH R. Fanto *) has found that here too the separated 

 quantity of glycerine agrees with direct splitting up of the trigly- 

 ceride into glycerine and fatty acid, in Lewkowitch's experiments, 

 the increase of the acetyl value must be explained b}^ other causes 

 than the presence of lower glycerides. Marcusson '') has shown that 

 this is really the case. The increased acetyl value is as well caused 

 by the fatty acids, as by the fat that has remained unsaponified. 

 Probably the oxidation of the unsaturate fatty acids plays a part 

 here, which also explains the irregularity of increasing and decreasing 

 of Lewkowitch's acetyl values. 



The results obtained by Fanto and Keli.ner, perfectly confirm the 

 conclusion drawn at the end of § 8. In alcalic surroundings the 

 adsorption of the lower glycerides at the surface of contact between 

 fat and water phase is so great that the chance to collision between 

 an OH'' ion and a molecule of di- and monoglyceride is practically 

 00 compared with the chance to collision between an OH' ion and 

 a molecule of triglyceride. 



§ 20. For the fermentative saponification of palmkernel oil 

 Kellner found the values given in columns 1, 2, 3, and 6 of table 6. 

 (See p. 60). 



On comparison of columns 5 and 7 it appears that here g-l— T. 

 In column 8 are recorded the values found for 100 T, when T is 

 calculated from g by the aid of formula (48), i. e. on the assumption 

 that j:» = 3 and (/ == ao. (See § 17 and fig. 2 curve F). 



It appears that the calculated and observed values of 100 7' agree 

 sufficiently, especially when we consider that g cannot be determined 



1) Kellner draws this conclusion by comparison of the found glycerine content 

 of the partially saponified fat with that calculated on the assumption of a direct 

 complete splitting up. 



2) Ber. 33; 89 (1900); 36, 175, 3766 (1903); 37, 884 (1904); 39, 4095 ('1 906). 



3) Monatshefte f. Chemie 25 919 (1904). 



4) Ber. 39 3466 (1906), 40 2905 (1907). 



