22 PESTS OF COFFEE 



growth of the anal lobes the anal plates now lie removed from the pos- 

 terior end of the body by a distance equal approximately to one-sixth 

 of the total length of the insect (see Text-fig. 5, 4). 



Abdominal segments only visible fx'om below. The body at first 

 flat becomes more or less convex and the loop turns from bi'own to 

 black. Antennae as in first instar. 



Length 1'3 to 1'5 mm. 



N,B. — The measurements given above are of nymphs and adults 

 immediately after moulting and are to be taken as average figures. 



The length of hfe varies from 89 to 214 days and 

 the number of young from 50 to 580. The first moult 

 takes place within two days after hatching. The second 

 moult takes place about a fortnight after the first and the 

 third from eleven to eighteen days after the second. The 

 tables on pages 23 to 25 (Tables I and II) summarise the 

 results of rearings in the insectary in Bangalore. 



Once the bug fixes itself, it moves of its own accord 

 usually only after moulting. Movements may, however, 

 be induced by the growing difficulty of finding nutriment. 

 When leaves or twigs are overcrow^ded, the bugs may be- 

 come disturbed from their places of fixation. The marked 

 preference for very tender leaves has already been men- 

 tioned. Bugs may be detected on the leaves of the opening 

 buds when elsewhere they cannot be found. On these they 

 grow much faster. The upper surf ace of the leaf is seldom 

 selected for fixation and the few that are fixed there are 

 much smaller than those on the under side of the leaf. 

 The green-coloured portions of the twigs are also suitable 

 places for fixation, but it is rarely that bugs are found on 

 the brown-coloured portions, and when found there they 

 are invariably more yellow in colour and the black loop is 

 either inconspicuous or not seen at all. As has already 

 been noticed by Green, Koningsberger and Zimmermann 

 and Keuchenius, the bug, when fixed, has almost invari- 

 ably its anterior end towards the base of the organ to 

 which it is attached. 



The normal shape of the bug is oval with the anterior 

 end narrower. But this shape is retained only when the 

 bug is fixed on the free surfaces of twigs and leaves. Along 

 the veins, the bugs are asymmetrical, the right side or the 

 left side according to the side of the vein selected being 

 hindered in development by the convexity of the vein. 

 There is also a twist in such specimens. 



The convex surface of the vein is usually not sought. 

 Bugs in such situations are usually narrower and more 



