64 



hidden localities, and therefore came in need of protection by 

 mimicking- or by warning-colours. They provided for this need by 

 means of anticipated activation, viz. by transferring the then existing 

 pattern of their forewings to the external surface of the pupal wing- 

 sheaths. 



This pattern persisted on the pupa, even after the wings of the 

 imago had acquired the new pattern, such as is found on them to 

 day, by the further modification of the old one. 



Even if this view of the course of phylogenetic develoi)ment 

 should prove right, which 1 consider rather improbable, it would not 

 diminish in any way the phylogenetic significance of the pupal pattern, 

 and so there would be no need to consider this pattern as wholly 

 secondary and therefore destitute of all importance for the phylogeny 

 of I^epidoptera. For this it would seem, is what dk Mkyere 

 means by his words mentioned in the beginning of this paper : which 

 fully cited run as follows: 



"When precisely in the free-living pupae of the butterflies we find 

 special colour-markings, I would consider this as a wholly secondary 

 feature, the body having first acquired certain pigment-spots, to which 

 sympathetic markings of the wingsheaths afterwards were added. 

 That the latter show a certain connection with the veinal system, 

 cannot astonish us, when we take into consideration the special 

 importance of the veins as respiratory and circulatory vessels". 



x'\gainst this view I wish fully to maintain my own, viz. that the 

 colour-markings of the butterfly-pupae — those on the body as well 

 as those on the wing-sheaths — should be considered as an original 

 pattern, the whole-colour of white, yellow, brown or black pupae 

 of most moths resulting from the loss of this primitive design. 



Regarding in particular the harmony between abdomen and wings, 

 in colour-hues as well as in design, we may remark that such a 

 similarity is a generally occurring feature, not only with pupae but 

 even and in a higher degree with imagines. Without doubt this 

 harmony will often root in a secondary modification of shades and 

 markings, of the abdomen as well as the wings, which we may 

 ascribe to sympathetic correlation, but this need not oblige us to 

 doubt that both patterns result from a primitive one, or to abstain 

 from searching after the vestiges of this primitive pattern on both 

 those regions of the body. 



What is true for the imagines, is certainly right for the pupae, 

 even in a higher degree; remnants of the original design may be 

 more probably expected on them and be found there in a more 

 complete state, because the imagines are exposed to greater versabi- 



