DEVELOPMENT OF CHALCIDS 383 



of native and imported parasites. Thus the Chalcid S c h e d i u s 

 Kuvanae, How., is primarily an egg parasite of the gipsy- 

 moth, but it will also oviposit in Anastatus bifasciatus, 

 Forst., another egg parasite. In this complex, two other 

 species, Tyndarichus novae, How., and Pachyneuron 

 g i f u e n s i s , Ashmead, are hyperparasitic upon Anastatus, 

 but epiparasitism is frequent, and they have been reared not 

 only from S c h e d i u s , but also from one another. 



Monodontomerus aereus, Walk., and Pteromalus 

 egregius, Forst., are also primary parasites of the gipsy 

 moth and brown-tail moth respectively ; but both forms 

 are also hyperparasitic through certain Tachnidae, and, in 

 addition, the latter form is sometimes reared from other 

 hymenopterons, such as Meso chorus and Apanteles. 



Smith (12) has shown that P e r i 1 a m p u s h y a 1 i n u s , Say. , 

 although strictly speaking an obligative hyperparasite of 

 certain lepidopterous larvae, through their hymenopterous 

 and dipterous parasites, may, when epiparasitism occurs, 

 become metaparasitic. Thus in one instance a cocoon of the 

 Ichneumonid, Limnerium validum, was first parasi- 

 tized by Perilampus, and subsequently by the Pteromalid 

 Dibrachys boucheanus. The latter devoured the 

 Limnerium host, but was shortly afterwards itself destroyed 

 by Perilampus. 



The following table gives the synonyms used by previous 

 Avriters on the bionomics of the Hymenoptera parasitica for 

 the terms suggested here. 



Parasitism 



Primary parasitism. 

 Parasitism. 

 [Superparasitism. 

 Epi])arasitism j Secondary parasitism. 



( Secondary hyperparasitism. 

 [ Accidental superparasitism. 

 Metaparasitism i Tertiary hyperparasitism. 



Hyperparasitism 



(Superparasitism. 

 (Secondary parasitism. 

 I Hyperparasitism. 



