DEVELOPMENT OF CIIALCIDS 887 



5. The newly-batched larvae are maggot-shaped forms, with 

 fom* pah's of open spiracles and two cephalic papillae. 



6. In the later stages small tubercles are developed on the 

 prothorax and succeeding segments, and there are ten pairs 

 of functional spiracles. 



7. The total period of development is a little over three 

 weeks, and at least two broods may occur in the summer. 



8. The bionomics of aphides and of their parasites and hyper- 

 parasites are discussed. 



9. The term ' epiparasitism ' is proposed instead of ' super- 

 parasitism ' which has been used by other writers, and it is 

 suggested that it should be restricted to cases where two or 

 more species, or two or more individuals of the same species, 

 independently attack the same host. 



10. The term ' metaparasitism ' is suggested for cases where 

 one parasite or hyperparasite in epiparasitism, becomes 

 secondarily hyperparasitic upon the other. 



11. Instances are given of the occurrence of epiparasitism and 

 metaparasitism among other hymenopterous parasites. 



12. The origin of parasitism in the Hymenoptera parasitica 

 is discussed, and it is suggested that it arose from an earlier 

 inquiline mode of life. 



Bibliography. 



1. Ashmead, W. H. (1904).— " The Classification of the Chalcid Flics", 



' Mem. Carnegie Museum ', vol. 1, mem. 4. 



2. Cameron, Peter (1893). — " Britisli Phytojihagous Hymenoptera ", 



' Ray iSociety Publications ', vol. 4. 



3. Fiske, W. F. (1910). — " Superparasitism : an important factor in 



the natural control of msects ", ' Journ. Econ. Entom. Concord ', 

 vol. 3. 



4. Fiske, W. F. (1910) and W. R. Thompson (1909).— " Notes on the 



Parasites of the Saturniidae ", ibid., vol. 2. 



5. Haviland, Maud D. (1920).- — •" On the Bionomics and Development of 



Lygocerus testaceimanus, Kieff., and Lygocerus 

 cameroni, Kieff., parasites of Aphidius", 'Quart. Journ. 

 Micr. Sci.', vol. 65, pt. i. 

 6.- — ■ — (1921). — "Preliminary Note on a Cynijud hyperparasite of 

 Aphides ", ' Proc. Camb. Phil. JSoc.', vol. xx, no. 2. 



