510 E. N. PAVLOVSKY AND E. J. ZARIN 



This work was conducted by us with the same division of 

 labour as the research on the intestine, its appendages and 

 ferments in the scorpion, pubhshed previously. E. Pavlovsky 

 undertook the zoological part of the work — the dissection of 

 live bees, the preparation of the intestine, and the preparation 

 of extracts from its parts. The chemical investigation of the 

 ferments of these extracts was subsequently done by E. Zarin. 



Anatomical Part. 



The intestine of the bee formed the subject of investigation 

 for many scientists (for literature cf. Zander, Snodgrass), 

 therefore its general anatomical relations may be considered 

 to be sufficiently elucidated. 



We shall limit ourselves to the description of the general 

 organization of the intestine and point oat some peculiarities 

 in its microscopical structure, whilst the literature on the 

 question will be omitted. 



The intestine of the bee consists of the fore-, mid-, and hind- 

 guts (PI. 15, figs. 1-3). The fore-gut begins with the pharynx, 

 which passes to the oesophagus dilating into the honey- 

 stomach, crop, or ingluvies (PI. 15, figs. 1-3 ; PL 16, fig. 4, ?'). 

 The latter passes by means of the cardial valve into the ventri- 

 culus (mid-gut or stomach, -vi). The hind-gut is divided into 

 the anterior portion — the small intestine (it), and the posterior — 

 the large intestine (-r) with the rectal glands (rr/). 



The Malpighian vessels {mp) open on the border of the 

 ventriculus and the small intestine. 



F o r e - g u t . 



The Fore-gut (pharynx, oesophagus, ingluvies) 

 is lined within by a chitinous cuticle, to the exterior of which 

 lies a layer of non-glandular epithelium (PI. 16, fig. 5, ep) resting 

 on memlirana liasilaris. The latter is co\ered by a network 

 of transversally striated muscle-fibres lying in two layers — 

 circular and longitudinal (PI. 16, fig. 5, W4. m.^). 



The valve of the ingluvies is represented by a capitulated 



