200 



NYMPHALIDJE. 



The PuP.dE arc all very angular and tuberculate ; the head deeply bifid. They are mostly (if some shade of brown, 

 but that of Vanessa Io is sometimes pale green. They often bear brilliant golden spots. The duration of the pupa 

 state, in the summer months, is generally about two weeks. 



The Perfect Insects much resemble in their habits those of the preceding and following genera. They are 

 insects of rather bold rapid flight, fond of alighting in the sun, and then alternately expanding and closing their wings, 

 producing, by so doing, a faint rustling sound. Most, if not all, of the species hybernate ; and it is curious to observe 

 some of those which appear in September, at once hiding themselves in some dark corner, remaining motionless until 

 the spring, when they appear as perfect as if just emerged from the chrysalis. Others fly much in the autumn, and then 

 reappear in the spring, worn and ragged. 



Their Geographical Range is extensive, and the species of the Old World are, to a certain extent, represented in the 

 New World ; and one species, Vanessa Antiopa, seems to be common to both continents. This butterfly, now so rare 

 in Great Britain, though it has appeared in great numbers, is common throughout almost the whole continent of 

 Europe ; and, in America, extends from Hudson's Bay to the Rocky Mountains; and, southward, to the mountains of 

 Mexico. The American specimens are generally rather more freckled with black on the borders of the wings than are 

 the European ones. Vanessa Urticre of Europe is represented in America by V. Milberti, and the V. V. album of 

 Eastern Europe has its exact counterpart in V. F. album of the Northern States of America. The genus is decidedly a 

 genus of the northern temperate zone, extending probably round the world. One species, which however is very 

 aberrant, is found in the more southern parts of Asia. 



I am indebted to Dr. Boisduval for the loan of the singular species from Mexico, figured under his manuscript name 

 of Vanessa cyanomelas. 



VANESSA. 



1. Van. I. album Boisd. S; Lecomte, Icon. Up. et Chen. Ar. 

 Sept. t. 50. f. 1,2. (1831). 



United States, N. States. B. M. 



2. Van. V. album Ochs. Schmett. von Europa, iv. 17. (1816'). 

 Godt. Enc. M. ix. 306. a. 22. (181!)). 

 Boisd. Icon. Hist. t. 24. f. 1. (1833). 

 P. V. alb. Denis c\ SchiffermUHer, Wien. Verz. 

 176.(1776). 

 Fab. Mont. Ins. ii. 50. n. 48.0. (1787). 

 Fab. Ent. Syst. in. i. 122. n. 373. (1793). 

 Hubn. Samml. Europ. Schmett. Pap. f. 83, 84. 

 (1806). 

 Eugonia V. alb. Hubn. Verz. bek. Schmett. 36. 



(1816). 

 P. L. alb. Schneider, Syst. Besch. 163. (1787). 

 P. Polychloros Cram. t. 330. f. c. d. (1782). 

 Hungary, Southern and Eastern Russia, Siberia. 



B. M. 



Van. Polychlobos Ochs. Schmett. ron Europa, iv. 17. 

 (1816). 

 Godt. Enc. M. ix. 304. n. 21. (181.0). 

 P. Pol. Linn. Syst. Nat. n. 777- n. 166. (1767). 

 Fab. Ent. Syst. m. i. 121. n. 372. (1703). 

 Hubn. Samml. Europ. Schmett. Pap. f. 81, 82. 

 (1806). 

 Eugonia Pol. Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. 37- 



(1816). 

 Var. P. Testudo Esper, Schmett. t. 73. cont. 23. 

 f. 1,2. (1777-1805). 



Var. P. pyrrhomelsenaa Hiibn. -Geyer, Samml. 

 Europ. Schmett. Pap. f. 845. (1840). 

 Europe generally. B. M. 



Van. xanthomelas Ochs. Schmett. von Europa, iv. 17. 

 (1816). 

 Godt. Enc. M. ix. 307. n. 24. (1819). 

 P. Xanth. Denis 3 SehiffermuUer, Wien. Ferx. 

 175. (1776). 

 Hiibn. Samml. Europ. Schmett. Pap. f. 85, 86. 

 (1806). 

 Eugonia pyrrhomuliena Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. 

 37. (1816). 

 Germany, N. India ? B. M. 



Van. kaschmirensis Kollar, in Hiigel, Reise, t. 9. f. 3, 4. 

 (1848). 

 Kaschmir, Nepaul. B. M. 



Van. Urticje Ochs. Schmett. von Europa, iv. 17. (1816). 

 Godt. Enc. M. ix. 306. n. 23. (1810). 

 P. Urt. Linn. Syst. Nat. 11. 777. 11. 167. (1767). 

 Fab. Ent. Syst. 111. i. 122. n. 374. (1703). 

 Hiibn. Samml. Europ. Schmett. Pap. f. 87, 88. 

 (1806). 

 Eugonia Urt. Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. 37. 

 (1816). 

 Europe generally. B. M. 



Van. Ichnusa Bonel/i, Mem. delta R. Acad, de Torino, xxx. 

 p. 74. (1824). 

 Rambuhr, Ann. Soc. Eyit. de France, 1. t. 7- 

 f. 3. (1832). 

 Corsica. B. M. 



