OLKKUME. 



general habit and structure must have more weight than ])artial considerations, drawn cither from tiie hu-va, the pupa, or the perfect 

 insect. The Caterpillar may be described typically as much lengthened, narrow at the end, having two long seta;, or caudal 

 appendages, resembling tails ; the head being armed with spines, or greatly widened in its form, like a shield ; in the less typical 

 groups [Satyridas], the end of the body terminates in two points, and the head is frequently divided in a similar manner. The Pupa 

 is more or less smooth, and is suspended with the head downwards, similar to the Nymphalidaj ; the anterior part is sometimes much 

 pointed [Amathusia], but in the European examples it is generally obtuse. Green is the prevalent colour; but no instances are 

 known of these ]m\ix being ornamented with metallic colours."* 



From the more detailed account of the habits of these insects given by M. Lacordaire in his memoir on the Initterflies of French 

 Guiana, published in the Aimales de la Sock'te Entomoloyique de France, 1833, p. 396., it is evident that jNIr. Swainson's remarks on tlieir 

 semicrepuscular habits apply only to the genera Pavonia, Opsiphanes, &c. ; the most common species being P. Idomenaius, Autouiedon, 

 Berecynthus, Xanthus, &c., which, when disturbed, fly only to a very short distance, and then settle agnin, with their wings lying flat 

 on the trunks of the trees. The habits of the genuine species of Morpho are, on the contrai'v, quite ditfercnt. There are a eimsidcrable 

 number of species in Guiana, and even those supposed to be rarest in collections in Europe are common. They fly, however, 

 majestically around the tops of trees, so that, during a residence of twenty months at Cayenne, he was unable to obtain a single 

 specimen of M. Metellus, Hecuba, or Andromachus, which he believed he had distinguished. The only species he was able to 

 procure were M. Menelaus, Heleuor, and Achilles ; these have a difterent mode of flight from the former, jerking, as it were, forward, 

 to the distance of eight or ten steps at a bound, and thus progressing very rajiidly through the forests, so as to be taken with great 

 difficulty. M. Rhetenor flies in the same manner, but at a greater height from the ground. M. Lacordalre confirms the correctness of 

 the descriptions given, as he states, by StoU of the transformations of M. Achillest and Pavonia Berecynthus. 



Referring to the observations which I have already published on the relations of the genera Apatura (which Mr. Swainson, 

 notwithstanding its larva seems to be totalhj diffi-rcnt, considers as obviously belonging to the Nymphalida;), Nymphalis, Amathusia, 

 and Discophora, (all of which, in regard to their larva;, enter into the Thysanuromorpha of Dr. Horsfield, or the Satyrida; of Swainson,) 

 I must observe, that I do not think our knowledge of the transformations of exotic groups sufficiently extended to enable us to judge 

 of the propriety of separating the great group witii suspended clirysalides into minor families. In the analysis of the genei-a which I 

 have investigated (commencing at p. 251. of the present work), I have found no character sufficiently constant to allow of a division 

 between the typical Nymphalidoe, even regarding Limenitis as typical, and other genera with broad scaly palpi, down to the Discophorje, 

 which, with Amathusia and Zeuxidia, are so intimately allied to Thaumantis and Morj)ho, with narrow palpi. The result of these 

 researches has more than ever convinced me that Papilio, Nymphalis, Erycina, Lyerena, and Hesperia (to which Heliconia may 

 perhaps be added) are, as considered in my Introduction to the modern Classification of Insects, the primary types of the Diurnal 

 Lepidoptera. 



The genera which constitute the present family, as above defined, may be divided into two primary sections. 



First, those which have the discoidal cell of the hind wings open, unaccompanied by a small prediscoidal cell : including the genera 

 Clerome, Drusilla, Thaumantis, and Morpho. 



Second, those which have the discoidal cell of the hind wings closed, and accompanied by a small prediscoidal cell ; including the 

 genera Pavonia, Dynastor, Opsiphanes, to which may be added the remarkable genus Naro[)e. 



Genus 1 CLEROME. 



Cleuome Boisduval MS. 

 Faunts p. Jliibncr. 

 Satyrus p. God'. 



Body moderately robust; wings large, plainly eoloured, with a row of small spots between the middle and the outer 

 margin on the under surface. 



Head rather broad. 



Antennce long (two thirds the length of the fore wings), nearly straight, composed of rather long joints ; terminated 



by a long, but very slender, scarcely distinct club formed of short joints. 

 Labial Palpi compressed, ascending obliquely to about the height of two thirds of tlie eye, porrected in front 

 nearly to the length of the head, not convergent, scaly. Middle joint clothed behind with hairs applied to the 

 face. 



Thorax oval, very hairy. 



Fore Wings large, oval-triangular. Fore margin very much ai'chcd ; apical angle rounded. Apical margin 

 about two thirds of the length of the fore margin, entire, slightly convex ; inner angle rounded. Inner margin 

 rather longer than the apical, slightly dilated at the base in the male. Costal vein extending to about two 

 thirds of the length of the costa. Postcostal vein with its first branch arising at about two sevenths of the 

 length of the wing; second bi-ancli arising at al)out three fifths of the length of the wing; third and fourth 

 arising at short distances beyond the second ; all these branches free, the fourth extending to the tip of the 

 wing. Upper disco-cellular vein very short, arising nearly at one third of the length of the wing; middle 



* Swainson, Cab. Cyclop. Nat. Hist, of Insects, p. fl-t, 9^- 



f Stoll has not figured the tranitorniations of M. Athiiles. They are described by Godart alter Mad. .Merian. 



