CALIGO. 341 



This genus comprises some of the largest species of known Lepidoptcrous insects, all of which are peculiar to the hottest parts of the 

 New World, and are distinguished by the general sombre style of the colouring of tlie upper surface of tlie wings, by the reticulated 

 dark markings of their under surface varied by the possession of a small ocellus near tlic tip of the fore wings, and by the liind wiu'i-s 

 being adorned witli two ocelli, one smaller and more lunate in form on tlie costal margin, and the other very large in size and round 

 towards the middle of the hind wing, traversed by the first and second branches of the median vein. The prediscoidal cell of these 

 wings is very small, and the small channel bearing a minute tuft is close to the anal margin, op])osite the middle of the abdomen. 



It is unfortunate that the generic nomenclature of so magnificent a group of insects as tlie present should be the subject of o-reat 

 confusion; and as justice and the rules of priority compel me to revert to the original authorities, some little historical detail wiTi be 

 necessary. In the Si/s(e77m Glossatornm of Fabricius, of which an abstract only has appeared in the sixth volume of Illiger's Muqazhi fur 

 Insektenkunde, we find these and the immediately allied species, for the first time, generically distributed : Papilio Achilles, lilenelaus, 

 Hecuba, and sixteen other species, composing the genus Morpho, characterised by the formation of the palpi and the filiform anfeniim ] 

 whilst another genus, Brassolis, was proposed, with clavatc anteunce, for Papilio Sophora3, Cassia;, Obrinus, and twenty-seven other species. 

 As regards these two generic names there can, therefore, be no doubt that the former has been properly applied as we have apiilied it 

 in a preceding page; whilst Brassolis must be restricted to P. Sophorre, and the species immediately agreeing therewith. So restricted, 

 these genera were accepted by Latreille in his Genera Crustaceorum et. Insectoriim, but were there regarded simply as sections of his 

 great genus Nymphalis, corresponding with the family Nymphalida; of various recent authors; and here (in 1809) we first find Papilio 

 Teucer, Idomeneus, &c., formed into a distinct group, but, being regarded in the same sectional light, Latreille did not propose a distinct 

 name for it. In 1816, however, Hilbner, in his Verzeicliniss, proposed a group with the name of Caligo, composed of P. Teucer, 

 Idomeneus, Eurylochus, and Ilioneus. For our genus Morpho he proposed the name of Leonte, ap[ilying, by some strange miscon- 

 ception, the generic name Morpho to our genus Prepona ; whilst the genus Brassolis was swollen by the addition of P. Anaxerete, Bere- 

 cynthus, Xanthus, Cassia;, Cassiope, Quiteria;, and Invira;. 



The generic name Pavonia was first jiroposed by Godart in the Supplement to the ninth volume of the Encijclopklie Mt'thodique 

 (1819), for the second division of the genus iSIorpho of the body of the work: " lequel se distingue des Morphos proprement dites en 

 ce qu'il a les palpes moins barbus, la nervure inferieure du dessus des premieres ailes courbee en S a son origine, et la cellule disco'idale 

 des seeondes ailes fermee posterieurement. Les males de quelques especes de ce nouveau genre ont, a la region du bord interne des ailes 

 inferieures, une fente longitudinale couverte de polls." On referring to his sections, given at the head of the genus in the body of the 

 volume (p. 435.), we find this second division, by some singular mistake, made to comprise the Amathusia; of Fabricius, and the species 

 Hecuba, ]Menelaus, Achilles, &c., which are above described under the generic name of jMorj)ho, and which have the cell of the hind wines 

 open; whereas the AmathusiaB had been referred l)y Latreille {Genera Crustaceorum et Insectormn, iv. 196., to which arrann-ement 

 Godart evidently alludes in the note at the foot of the page above quoted) to the same division as Pap. Teucer, Idomeneus, &c,, in 

 which the cell of the hind wings is closed. In the table and description of the species Godart altered his classification, uniting the 

 Amathusia; and the genuine species of Morpho, Hecuba, Achilles, &e., into his first section, and characterising his second section "thus : 

 " Cellule disco'idale des seeondes ailes fermee en arriere par un nervure en angle aigu, et d'ou part un rameau longitudinal qui setend 

 jusqu'au bord posterieur." This second division is divided into three subdivisions upon the shape of the wings, the first subdivision 

 consisting solely of our Bia Actorion ; the second subdivision, with the fore wings concave, and the hind ones more or less elongated, 

 consisting of INIorpho Aorsa, and Automedon ; and the third subdivision, with the fore wings not at all, or scarcely, concave, and the hind 

 ones elongated, consisting of M. Eurylochus with its allies and the remainder of the Morphida; with a closed cell in the hind wings, 

 which Hiibner had added to his genus Brassolis. M\\ E. Doubleday, in his Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of the British Museum, 

 improperly applied the name of Pavonia to P. Teucer, Eurylochus, &c. (the genuine species of Caligo of Hiibner), restricting the name 

 Caligo to some smaller species, Syme, Eusina, Batea, and Creusa, and giving the su]iplemental species improperly added to Brassolis 

 by Hiibner under the name of Pavonia, with a mark of doubt. In Plates LVI. and LVII. of the present work, however, Mr. E. 

 Doubleday altered his views, rejecting the name Caligo, giving a species congenerous with Eurylochus, as well as the Caligo Rusina, under 

 the generic name of Pavonia, whilst Hiihner's supplemental species of Brassolis were, lor the first tiuie, in Plate LVII., published as 

 a distinct genus, under the name of Opsiphanes, having, however, previously, by M. Boisduval in his Collection, been inserted with 

 Syme, Busina, Batca, and Creusa, into a single genus, to which Hiibner's name Caligo was uiisap[)lied. 



The following summary will show at a glance the position of these names : 



MoRPllO Falir. Sijst. Gloss. — Nymphalis, Sect. II. 1 A. a. Latr. Gen. Crust. = Leonte Hub. Verz. Type, Pap. Achilles. 

 Caligo H'uhner, Verz. 1816. = Nymphalis, Sect. I. 2 E. Latr. Gen. Crust = Morpho, Sect. II. C. pars Godart; Pavonia pars 



Godart, Enc. M. Suppl. = Pavonia proper Boisduval Coll., and E. Douhledaij, List. Lep. Brit. 3Iits. = Pavonia pars E. 



Doubleday, PI. LVI. of this work. Types, P. Teucer, Eurylochus, &c. 

 Opsiphanes E. Doubledai/, PI. LVII. of this work. = Pavonia, species dubia', E. Boubl. List. Lep. Brit. Mas. p. 118.; and 



Caligo i?. Doubleday, List. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 117. = Caligo pars Boisduval, Co//. = Pavonia, Sect. II. B. and Sect. II. C. 



pars, Gor/rtr^ = Brassolis pars Hiibner, Verz. Types, P. Xanthus, Berecynthus, &c. 

 Bkassolis Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. Type, P. Sophorre, 



The information which we possess concerning the habits of the species composing the second of these genera, Calico, will be found 

 detailed in pages 3.32. and 333., whilst the only acquaintance we have with their transformations is to be obtained from Madame Mcrian's 

 great work on the Bisects of Surinam; and it is evident that that lady has been misled, so far at least as one of the two species of which 

 she has figured the transformations is concerned. The 23nl plate is devoted to C. Teucer; the caterpillar of which is elongated, sub- 

 cylindrical, with the four middle segments swollen, each of them bearing a long, erect, pointed, and slightly curved spine; the head is 

 shield-shaped, and armed with several obtuse horns on each side ; and the body is terminated by two long conical tails. It feeds on a 

 variety of the banana, called Baccoves, changing to a chrysalis on the 3rd of December, and the butterfly is produced on the 20th 

 of the same month. The chrysalis is thick and without angulations, excejit a single rather obtuse point in the middle of the back of 

 the thorax. From the general similarity of the form of this larva to that nf Opsiphanes Berecynthus, observed by Stoll and Lacordaire, 

 I have no doubt that Madame Merian has given us the true caterpillar of C. Teucer; her figure of the chrysalis is, however, in all pro- 

 bability incorrect, at least in respect to its being girt round the middle of the body with a thread. Her ]ilate 60. is devoted to C. Idomeneus ; 

 the caterpillar of which is represented as long, cylindrical, and of a reddish colour ; each segment of the body bearing three blue tubercles, 

 each of which emits a long villose filament ; the head is small, with the crown produced into two short conical horns ; and the tail 

 appears short, entire, and slightly pointed. It was found on the Justicia ; and Mad. ISIerian states that it " s'enferma d'abord dans son 

 cocon, et se transforma en une f'eve (chrysalis) tout ii fait rare.'' The chrysalis is, however, represented as naked; the abdomen with 

 several series of conical protuberances; the head pnjduecd into a thick and long turned up snout, obtuse at the tip; and with a strong 



