REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST AND BOTANIST 189 
SESSIONAL PAPER No. 16 
Trees treated with lime and sulphur bore very heavily, much more so than trees treated 
with any other remedy. It is the most effective spray and the cheapest, and with a 
steam boiling plant, the most easily procured. From the best information I can get, 
long boiling is important, and this enhances the value of the steam process. Where 
this wash was tried by the farmers, it is highly spoken of, and will be used much more 
extensively next spring. The effect on the trees is fine, and the crop of fruit has been 
good in all cases where it was used. To be able to treat badly affected trees whenever 
they are found in summer is greatly appreciated by those who are making an honest 
effort to control the scale. . 
‘Kerosene emulsion used in the proportion of 1 gallon of kerosene in 6 of emulsion 
for apple, pear and plum, and 1 in 7 for peach, applied in dry hot weather, has just 
about cleaned trees that were very badly affected. This really looks as though kerosene 
emulsion were all that is required to control the scale. I much prefer to use kerosene 
emulsion when it is perfectly fresh, that is, newly made, and to have the soap and water 
actually boiling when it is thrown in on the oil to emulsify it. The lower grade of Can- 
adian kerosene has served the purpose best. Use kerosene emulsion always in dry hot 
weather and not at all in winter. 
‘T like fumigation for trees of moderate size. The effect is complete if the work is 
done in moderate weather with gas of normal strength, that is } gramme of cyanide to 
the cubic foot inclosed—exposure 45 minutes ; but this strength does not appear to be 
sufficient during low temperatures. One-tenth of a gramme with an exposure of 30 
minutes, and one-seventh of a gramme with an exposure of 20 minutes apparently did 
perfect work in July in the day time without injuring peach foliage. The experiments 
in fumigation were not carried to any great length, and, although they were carefully 
watched duplicates might show differently. They are very satisfactory, however, to me.’ 
—GrorcE E. FIsHer. 
I have given the above report in full because I know of no one in America who has 
done more experimenting with the San José Scale than Mr. Fisher. I have had the 
privilege of inspecting his work frequently during the last three years, and have perfect 
confidence in his extreme care and great perseverance in solving any difficulties which 
may arise, either in his own active mind, or in the minds of any of the fruit growers in 
whose orchards he has worked. Mr. Fisher is a practical and successful fruit grower, 
a good mechanic and altogether one well suited to carry out the complicated and very 
varied experiments which he has done for the Ontario Government since his appointment. 
The results obtained are very satisfactory and may be summarized as follows :— 
The San José Scale is an insect capable of more injury to orchards than any other 
we know of. It is extremely difficult to control with the greatest care, but with the 
necessary care trees may be kept in a thrifty and bearing condition without undue 
expense. This may be done with the following remedies :— 
1. The ordinary kerosene emulsion, two treatments during the summer—an extra 
one may advantageously be applied in May just before the foliage is so thick that it is 
difficult to reach all parts of the tree—the first summer spraying in the middle of June, 
and the second one after the fruit is picked. Mr. Fisher says: ‘ Emulsions should 
always be used in clear weather, particularly kerosene emulsion, which gives much the 
best results when applied on warm, bright, airy days. A rather coarse nozzle is best for 
spraying trees in leat, for the heavy spray from it splashes off the foliage and penetrates 
to the wood. The emulsions will probably not do more than afford temporary relief, 
but they will reduce the infestation well below the danger point and carry the trees 
safely into winter. This must be followed in the winter or spring by a thorough general 
spraying with lime and sulphur, which may be expected to work an almost perfect cure. 
In our experiments the results from this latter mixture after standing all the summer, 
are almost complete. Some trees on which it is difficult to find living scales, were before 
treatment heavily infested.’ 
2. Whale-oil Soap.—The potash fish oil soaps sold under the name of Whale-oil 
Soap are excellent insecticides and, when used of the strength of 24 lbs, of soap to 
the Imperial gallon, have done very efficient work in clearing trees of the San 
