36 * Alexander G. Rutiiven 



snow-line or the crest of the range, as the case may be, with a minimum 

 altitude of more or less than 10,000 feet, but varying considerably in different 

 regions. In the eastern and central Andes of Colombia there exists a heavy 

 "temperate zone" forest which extends up as high as 12,000 feet in many 

 places, but this forest is absent in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 

 where paramo conditions begin at about 10,000 feet. The lower parts of 

 the paramo contain more or less of an abundance of small gnarled trees and 

 shrubs intermingled with bushes and coarse grass, the greater the quantity 

 of moisture present the more abundant the shrubbery. As the altitude 

 increases the gnarled trees disappear, the shrubs become more stunted, the 

 bushes lower and tougher, while the grasses increase. Certain species of 

 hardy little bushes persist to the very snow-line, as well as the "Freilejon." 



Pueblo Viejo. A village whose inhabitants are entirely Colombians, 

 situated on the north slopes of the Sierras at an altitude of 2,000 feet, on 

 the Rio Ancha, several miles above its confluence with the Rio Macotama. 

 It is nearly a two days' journey with pack animals from Dibulla over a trail 

 not of the best. It is just at the edge of the "Indian country," few or no 

 Indians living below this point. 



Pueblo Viejo. Another village on the south slopes of the Sierras, not 

 far from San Sebastian, with an altitude of 8,000 feet (as given by Dr. 

 Allen). This locality must not be confused with the preceding, since con- 

 ditions between the two are entirely different. The country around the 

 present village is largely savanna. 



Pueblo Viejo. There is a third village known as Pueblo Viejo which 

 should be mentioned here, although it does not appear in scientific literature, 

 but it might be confused with the two preceding localities by future collectors. 

 It lies on the narrow spit of land separating Cienega Grande from the sea, 

 a short distance to the west of the town of Cienega, and at the point w^here 

 the Cienega Grande empties into the sea. 



Pitnto Caiman or Play a Caiman. A point on the coast of Salamanca 

 at the northwest comer of Cienega Grande. The coast of Salamanca is the 

 narrow strip of sand which separates Cienega Grande from the sea, and is 

 nowhere more than two or three miles wide. It is covered in many parts 

 with shrubbery and small trees, while the Cienega shore is thickly popu- 

 lated with mangrove, with only an occasional open beach. Water birds are 

 abundant, also several small land birds. The most abundant animals here 

 are the omnipresent mosquito and sand-fly, which make life a misery at all 

 hours of the day and night. Visited once by the writer, who trusts that 

 the visit will never have to be repeated. 



Quebra Concha (contraction for Quebrada Concha). The small creek 

 draining the Concha Valley and emptying into Concha Bay. 



Quebra Mojada (Quebrada Mojada, spelled by Dr. Allen "Mojaba"). 

 A small creek flowing into the Manzanares River about midway between 

 Mamatoco and Bonda, and dry most of the year. Mentioned by Smith. 



Riohacha. A town of about 5.000 inhabitants on the north coast about 



