( 4()a ) 



of rocks lo (lull of tli(; circles in (he \v;tler when ;i sloiic is plunged 

 iiilo it), coiikl be pi-eserved as a higlier part oulv. In liie time of 

 or shoi'Uy aflei- the hegiiniing another crater-orilicc had heen formed 

 at 5, and the gases and vapours egressing tliei-e with ex|)losive 

 strength, when the mass of stones ha'! I'cached the sjtol, caught the 

 material and piled it up, hut here by way of rearrangement, to an 

 encircling wall, which now contrary to what happened at 4, was 

 j)reserved as a well-developed crater-i*oue, because the force dimi- 

 nished only alter the moving on had ceased and conseipienlly the room 

 within the encircliiig wall could no more be tilled up neithei- from 

 l»elow^ nor from the sides. iMr. Sciioch's before-cited information aixjut 

 the state of this crater comes ai>parcntly to the support of this 

 hypothesis. 



It might e\en be that tlie formation and the activity of the crater- 

 hill 5 should have to be taken entirel}' as a secondary |)henomeiion. 

 There was here at the foot of the Sopoetan-cone, to the left of the 

 uppermost, now^ \vliolly covered gullies of the Penloe, a moist spot 

 in the dry and barren gril-|)Iain, a pool a few centimeters deep, 

 kiiown as Ranoe Alenono, and ali-eady mentioned by K()oi{I)1':ks, who 

 had a camp in the immediate neighbourhood. Evidently there is 

 here some permanent aftlux, perha[>s originating from infiltrations 

 in the Sopoetan-crater, but to a hydrostatic level of oidy a few 

 centimeters above the gronnd. When the redhot mass of rock reached 

 this spot a sudden evaporatior» was to start with eruptive force, by which 

 the loose material of the cinder-stream may just as well have l)een 

 re-arranged as a crater-wall, as it could be done by eruptive agency 

 tVom a trne crater. To preserve this mound in its place, ir was in 

 this course of events only necessar}' that as long as the inoxing ot 

 the mass was still going on the re-arranging action had not decreased 

 too much, i.e. that the arri\'ing material Inul not too much cooled 

 down. And this may readily be admitted, as still on the 18'"' of August 

 Mr. ScHocu saw the stopped stream steaming also at its end near 

 the solfatare of 1 90i , about ()0() M. away from the starting-point, 

 and foimd the mass there still too hot to allow of trying an ascent, 

 whilst the cone 5 is only '2(10 M. renioxed from the |»t)int of issue. 

 In my opinion the irregularity observed in the erui)ti\e activity at 

 cone 5 tallies oetter with this explanation than with the supposed 

 existence of a real j)rimary crater there. If this explanation is correct, 

 then this (pnte parasitic cralerwoiild only have operated with material 

 of the stream, wdiilst cone 4, like the solfatare of IIIOI, moreover 

 must have ejected material of a dilferent nature, among others the 

 light-coloured material of the old crater-bottom, ijideed among the 



