985 



the North-West side of the crater-rim had been broken through. 

 The height of the western rim was established at 5598 ft. (5435 rh. ft.). 

 No fresii traces of volcanic action were detected in the densely 

 wooded crater. According to Rkinwardt the prevailing rock of the 

 mountain, as well as of the whole island, is basalt '). 



Of the ascent, performed in 1841 by the late E. A. Forsten, no 

 further information has reached us beyond the fact (hat he deter- 

 mined the height of the mountain at 5376 rh. ft. *). Besides by the 

 native surveyor (in 1915), the volcano has since that time also been 

 ascended on Sept. 9, 1903 by Captain G. J. J. de Jonüh and a patrol 

 of 19 fusileers from the southside. From the notes the latter was 

 kind enough to send us, we could infer that the summit had not 

 undergone any real alteration since Reinwardt's ascent. The width 

 of the crater was approximately equal to that of the peak of Ter- 

 nate, but the walls were considerably less steep and densely wooded. 



It should be borne in mind that the height of the summit was 

 determined only from the sea, except in the year 19 J 5. The deter- 

 minations aie the following: 



C. G. C. Reinwardt 1821 1702 m. 



E. A. Forsten 1841 1687,26 ,, 



Challenger-expedition 1874 1798,3 „') 



Siboga-expedition 1899 1754 „ ") 



R. D. M. Verbeek 1899 . . . 1717 and -1724 „ ') 



Native vSurveyor 1915 1730 



The last determination must, no doubt, be nearest to the truth. 



As Rkinwardt could observe, explosions aie not likely to have 

 taken place in historic time. True, in the oldest picture of the vol- 

 cano, in the work of J. Th. and J. J. de Bry, a smoke-cloud is 

 seen above the summit, but the text does not make mention of any 

 volcanic activity '). 



J. Mercai.li ') and K. Schneider ^) have recorded an eruption of 



1) Reis naar het oostelijk gedeelte van den Indischen Archipel in het jaar 1821. 

 Amsterdam 1858, p. 497—501. 



') P. Melvill van Garnbeé, Over de hoogte der bergen van den Oost-Indischen 

 Archipel. Tijdschr. voor Nederl.-Indië 1844. 1. p. 545. 



^) Report on the Scientific Results of llu; Voyage of H. M. S. GHAr.LENGKR. 

 Narrative 1. 2. London 1885, p. 594. 



*) L.c. p. 61. 



6) L.c. p. 149. 



6) Indiae orienlalis 8. Francofurli 1607, p. 23, tab. XIII, XVUl. 



7) I vulcani attivi della terra. Milano 1907, p. 310. 



^) Die vulkanischen Erscheinungen der Erde. Berlin 1911. p. 242. 



64* 



