1120 
at the same time the required ratio of the velocity constants’). 
Not the velocity constants themselves, therefore, only their mutual 
ratio is to be derived from the measurements collected by Prof. 
HOLLEMAN. 
If we now apply equations 1 and 2 to these examples, it appears 
that the application becomes so very simple in this case in consequence 
of the equality of the energy ¢ of the reacting substances for all the 
three reactions that take place simultaneously, and that therefore the 
difference in velocity of substitution at an ortho- and metaplace e.g. 
is different only in consequence of this that the quantity of energy 
(and entropy) to replace the ortho-hydrogen differs from the energy 
required to cause the substitution at the meta-place. 
The objection that these reactions do not take place in dilute 
solution cannot be advanced against the application of the two 
equations, for in these substitutions a great exces: (molecular) of the 
substituting substance is generally present. In nitrations e.g. the 
substance that is to be nitrated is added in drops to a large quantity 
of nitrie acid, and the nitration is practically completed before the 
following drop is added. 
Moreover | pointed out already in the preceding paper that the 
objection of higher concentrations cannot be serious, since it is self- 
evident that the splitting up of the energy values must always be 
carried out in essentially the same manner. It has, moreover, 
repeatedly appeared in these substitutions that different ratio of the 
reacting substances has no appreciable influence on the mutual ratio 
of the reaction products. 
If we now represent the energy of the intermediate states for the 
three substitutions by Eh nn and Er» then equation 1 gives: 
0 
dln a So en, 
IT = ETON heise he (3a) 
k 
din = aes 
En BEN EE s a 
dT ee Ee 
il kn 
an —— at 
at np REE ee 
dT 7 4d le 
Here the third equation is of course dependent on the two others. 
1) HoLLEMAN, Die direkte Einfübrung von Substituenten in den Benzolkern, p. 72. 
We also refer io this woik for the experimental data occurring in this paper. 
