( --^^l ) 



apparently lived in a somewhat warmer elimate lliaii that of Cromer 

 we are, however, not obliged to conclude that the former is older 

 than the latter. For we have to consider, that the situation of Tegelen 

 is about 2° of latitude more south than Cromer, but especially, as 

 Pkestwich and Clement Reid have shown, that local circumstances 

 must have made the climate of Cromer relatively a less genial one. 

 Of the Mammals, by which the older Pliocene deposits of Norfolk 

 are distinguished from the Cromer Bed none are found in the Clay 

 of Tegelen. 



Taking all these facts into serious consideration, there seems to me 

 hardly to remain any room for doubting the equivalence of the latter 

 with the Cromer Forest-Bed. Like this celebrated lluvialile and 

 estuarine deposit and like the undermost gra\el beds of Saint-Prest 

 near Chartres, the alhn ia characterised by Elepha.^ nieridionalis in 

 central-France and the lignite beds of LefFe near Gaudino, not far 

 from Bergamo, they must be placed at the top of the Pliocene. 



On good reasons it is generally accepted, that at the end of the 

 Pliocene period the continual subsidence during that period, the 

 unmistakable proofs of which have been found as well in the Netherlands 

 and Belgium as in England, has been interrupted by an uprising 

 of the region, properly a flattening of that great conca\'e zone or 

 geosynclinal, in which the marine Pliocene sediments were deposited. 

 In consequence the southern half of the North Sea was converted 

 into land and England united with the continent. The great river 

 of that sedimentation basin, the Rhine, as has been shown b}' 

 Clement Reid and by Harmer, then poured its waters over the east 

 of England into the North Sea,, and in Norfolk the Cromer Forest-Bed 

 is a deposit of that river. Also Harmer rightly remarked, ali-eady in 

 1896, that this river, before it reached England must have passed 

 somewhere over the Netherlands; so we should perhaps one day find 

 the equivalent of the ossiferous beds of Cromer in our Country. In 

 the Clay of Tegelen we now have really met with such a bed, 

 which evidently accumulated in a shallow fresh-water lake, flow 

 through by the Rhine. 



On good reasons it is also accepted that with the begiiming of 

 the Pleistocene period the geosynclinal became steepei', in conse- 

 quence of which, over the greater part of the present Netherlands, 

 sand, gravel and clay could accumulate, attaininj»- a thickness, in 

 Holland, up to more than 150 M. But, at the same time, on the 

 border of the steeper basin, in consequence of its larger angle of slope 

 and the increased transporting ca[)acity of the ruuning waters there, 

 lirst deposition of coarser material, llie "Khiue-diluvium", took place 



15* 



