( fi'Zft ) 



2. In addition to "poverty of water", nearly all these species 

 can well resist direct sunlight, while many are not killed either by 

 great poverty of light. 



3. Nearly all grow rapidly or very raj)idl3', and all soon produce 

 abundant seed. Many of the herbaceous pioneers of this vegetation 

 already bear plentiful fruit within a few months, while several 

 woody pioneers already tlower and bear seed in two years. 



4. The seeds are never large and are very easily distributed, either 

 by wind or by animals (especially endozoically by birds). 



5. The herbaceous species are mostly anemophorous, whilst the 

 majority of the trees appear to be zoophorous. As might be expected 

 a priori, species with seeds, which are only adapted for distribution 

 by water, are altogether absent. 



6. The new vegetation consists of herbaceous and erect w^oody 

 plants; climbing plants only occur among the tirst pioneers exception- 

 ally and in small numbers. 



7. The woody pioneers, which in the first few months grow more 

 slowly than the many herbaceous species (e. g. many gramineae 

 and compositae), are nearly all characterized by a great powder of 

 resistance against shade, by an especially well developed root- 

 system and by the possession of a foliage-crown, which by exclusion 

 of light, causes the death of the herbaceous species beneath it, 

 generally within one or two years of the closing of the crown of 

 the young trees. 



8. On account of their xerophytic nature, there need be no surprise, 

 after what has been said above under no 1, that a few other plants 

 may occasionally ') occur in Java among the first pioneers of vege- 

 tation. Such plants, which elsewhere, under different oecological 

 conditions, are temporary or permanent epiphytes, occur on bare 

 lava and on deserted stone buildings (for instance in the deserted 

 fortress of Noesakambangan). Siraularly a few land-halophytes grow 

 more or less abundantly on the soil [e. g. Dodonaea viscosa (Linn). 

 J ACQ., in alpine districts of central and eastern Java]. 



1) Compare also 1. c. p. 73 Sciumper Pflanzeiigeogcaphie p. 90 and 102 and the 

 literalui'e cited in those publications. 



