1191 
Anatomy. — “Concerning the nervus sympathicus of domestic 
animals”. By Dr. H. A. Vermpunen. (Communicated by Prof. 
L. Bork). 
(Communicated in the meeting of January 29, 1916). 
According to the researches of v. p. BROEK, there are three ganglia 
in the cervical sympathieus of all mammals’). In animals where 
these three are not present, the ganglion cervical medium has merged 
into one of the others; only in Echidna does it merge into the 
ganglion cervical superius, in all other mammals hitherto examined 
with two cervical ganglia, it merges into the ganglion cervical 
interius. VAN DEN BROEK believes he has proved this in the case of 
the rabbit, in which animal, by way of exception, a separate 
ganglion cervical medium occurs. We might therefore suppose a 
similar condition in the borse and the ruminating domestic animals, 
with the exception of the goat, as these animals as « rule possess 
only a ganglion cervical superius and inferius; as a rule, for although 
we shall find it everywhere given that the cervical sympathicus of 
the horse has constantly two ganglia, I have twice found a ganglion 
cervical medium, and in both cases only in the vago-sympathicus 
dexter of this species. In both horses the right vago-sympathicus on 
the level of 2°¢ and 3 cervical segments, was thickened into an 
elongated spindle over a length of 13.5 and 11 cm. respectively, 
in both the greatest breadth was 8 m.m.; in one horse a ganglion 
was present in the proximal portion of this growth 15 m.m. long and 
6 m.m. broad, while in the distal portion several smaller ganglia 
were to be seen; in the other horse the ganglionic mass was more 
eqnally distributed over the whole; it was finely shown when, after 
treatment first with formaline 10°/, and alcohol 95 °/,, this portion 
was placed in equal quantities of glycerine and water. Unfortunately 
in both cases the side cervical region of these horses was in the 
students’ hands when I discovered the ganglia, so that I was not 
able to ascertain what branches were sent out and whether they were 
connected with cervical nerves by rami communicantes. The scatter- 
ed position of ganglia in the former case led me to subject the 
rest of this portion of the cervical sympathicus of the horse to a 
microscopical examination, in which the presence of ganglia every- 
where was evinced. This was a reason for me to make further 
research in this direction, and | examined the different parts of the 
sympathetic trunk of several horses and dogs, of one eow, a calf’s 
TON EE VAN DEN Broek, Untersuchungen über den Bau des sympatischen 
Nervensystems der Säugetiere, Morpholog. Jahresbuch 1907 u. 1908. 
dr 
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Proceedings Royal Acad. Amsterdam. Vol. XVIII 
