1197 
ganglion supremum that covered nearly the entire length of the 
neck, viz. 10 em. He likewise found in 80°/, of all the cases 
a ganglion accessorium, which is situated on the level of the 7th 
cervical vertebra, against the arteria vertebralis and which has a 
maximum size of 5 mm. In the horse the so-called segmental 
thoracal ganglia are often small and indistinct: | recently found 
them not only strongly developed but also radiating in such a 
way on both sides that the whole thoracal portion of the sympathetic 
trunk consisted of a gigantically long, almost continuous, narrow 
ganglion. The sacral ganglia of the horse are always elongated 
ovals; these may also radiate so that hardly any of the white rami 
interganglionares are to be seen with the naked eye. | have often 
seen a similar radiation of the ganglion stellatum in the cervical 
sympathicus. These observations, besides those of BARABOSCHKIN regard- 
ing the gigantic ganglion supremum, which otherwise, like acces- 
soris ganglia and striking conditions in the cervical sympathicus, 
are regarded as curiosities, have more significance now that it 
appears that almost everywhere in the sympathetic trunk microscopic 
ganglia occur outside the already well-known ganglia. The opinion 
generally prevailing is that the gangha in the trunk of the sym- 
pathetic system, with the exception of the cervical portion may be 
arranged segmentally. In the Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen, 
by Ravper-Kopscn, VIII. Edition, we read: “Am Hals kommen 
“jederseits in der Regel drei Grenzstrangganglien vor, doch sind die- 
“selben durch Verschmelzung aus acht segmentalen Ganglien hervor- 
“gegangen”. Keien and Mart, in their Handbuch der Entwicklungs- 
geschichte des Menschen, 1911 write: “Grösstenteils sind die Ganglien 
“seomental, nur in der Cervical- und oberen Thoracalregion bleiben 
“die Zellen in grossen Klumpen beisammen und so entstehen dort 
Ganglien die zwei bis fünf Segmenten entsprechen’. Considering 
the ontogenesis this exception need cause no wonder, if we share 
the opinion of the majority of the embryologists who have made 
researches on this subject. (Barrovr, Onopi, Brarp, His and others), — 
and who have stated that the sympathetic ganglia grow out from 
the ventral portions of the spinal ganglia after the neural list has 
segmented. Meanwhile J] cannot refrain from recalling what CaJar 
published in 1908 in his investigations on the hen, in which he 
comes to the conclusion that the cells which will build up the sympathetic 
ganglia originate in the motory area of the spinal cord, and shift 
later towards the periphery. However this may be, in their shifting 
the ganglia cells accumulate net only to the formation of the well- 
known ganglia but also shift in a sidewise direction along the fibres 
of the so-called rami intergangliares. 
