1262 
stained markings, which alternate with the lighter ones, the latter 
thereby giving the impression of a background. These conspicuous 
rows constitute what | call the secondary pattern, the same which 
in other species is still more prominent by its silver lustre. In some 
of these latter, for instance Ch. ramsayi 9, the contrast with the 
primitive markings is moreoyer enhanced by the silvery blotches 
obtaining jet-black borders and deviating in size and shape both 
from each other and from the general original type of the primary 
markings. This deformation may lead to the obliteration of some 
members of a row, or at least their reduction to mere points, the 
rest of them at the same time increasing in bulk to such an extent, 
that they coalesce with their neighbours. When these changes go 
hand in hand with the evanescence of the primary markings by 
their immergence into the ground colour, a really unicolourous 
background is left. strewn with black-bordered silverblotehes of 
different size and irregular shape, as in Ch. ramsayi var. chrysomallon. 
A somewhat different modification of the same original arrange- 
ment leads to the coalescence of all the white or dark markings in 
one secondary row (principally the submarginal one), so that an 
unbroken transverse band or bar ensues. Sometimes its original 
composition from separate spots remains clearly visible, in other cases 
it is quite effaced. This modification occurs in different species, 
and is more developed in males than in females. 
A third differentiation is likewise common to a number of species: 
it consists of a longitudinal lightcoloured bar, starting from the 
forewing-root, and reaching to beyond the middle of the hind margin. 
By this bar a triangular narrowbased hinder area is separated from 
the rest of the wing. Probably it passes ‘along the demarcation 
line between two wing-areas of different constitution, which are 
distinct from each other in several insect-orders, and have been 
indicated by the names “folded part” (Faltenteil) and “spread part” . 
(Spreitenteil). As the bar vuns nearly parallel to the hindmost wing- 
veins, it meets the above mentioned transverse secondary bar at 
nearly right angles, and in so doing cireninseribes a proximal and 
anterior wing-area, which in its shade and markings often contrasts 
with the rest of the wing. Ch. lignivorus, lewini and splendens 
form instances of this “triangle”-modifieation, which again is more 
pronounced in males than in females. Yet some faint indications 
of it may be observed in the colour-pattern of Ch. mirabilis ©. So 
characteristic is this modification for Hepialids, that it is spoken of 
as the Hepialid-triangle. 
On comparing with Charagia other genera, e.g. the very charac- 
