1455 
Meteorology. “On the relation between jluctuations in the strength 
of the Trade winds of the North-Atlantie Ocean in summer 
and departures from the normal of the wintertemperature in 
Europe’. By P. H. Garré. (Communicated by Dr. J. P. van 
DER STOK). 
(Communicated in the meeting of January 29, 1916). 
1 the relation was shown between 
1. In a former investigation 
the strength of the Northeast Trade of the North-Atlantic Ocean and 
the intensity of some hydrographical phenomena in the northern 
European seas; about three months elapsed between cause and result. 
Starting from this point it was obvious that it should be investigated 
if any relation could be demonstrated between fluctuations in the 
strength of the Trade wind in summer and those in the tempera- 
ture of the succeeding winter in Europe. 
It is a widely-spread and generally received opinion that the Gulf- 
stream is one of the predominant, if not the most predominant, 
among the agents, responsible for the mild climate of Western-Europe. 
The contrasting temperature-anomalies of the Norwegian coast and 
the North-American eastcoast and those of the northern and southern 
coasts of Iceland are brought forward as striking examples of Gulf- 
stream-influence. 
Thus, fluctuations in the intensity of this stream will logically 
cause fluctuations in temperature and in European climatological 
conditions generally. 
The Gulfstream itself depending in a high degree upon the 
strength of the Northeast Trade, it is evident that a relation must 
exist between the Northeast Trade and the climate of Europe. 
Mermarpus and Képpen*) gave an excellent explanation of the 
way in which the Gulfstream—or rather the offshoots of the North- 
Atlantic Current, as the stream is called to the east of New-Found- 
land—causes the mild winters in the greater part of Europe. 
The presence of the water of relatively high-temperature alone 
is not sufficient. 
1) Kon. Akad. v. Wetenschappen te Amsterdam. Proceedings of the Meeting 
of Saturday March 27. 1915. Vol. VXI. 
2) WiLHELM Merinarpus. Der Zusammenhang des Winterklimas in Mittel- und 
Nordwest-Europa mit dem Golfstrom. 
Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde. Bd. XXXIIL, p. 183. 
W. Körper. Wodurch ist die hohe Wärme Europas und des Nordatlantischen 
Ozeans bedingt ? 
Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie 1911, p. 113. 
