1457 
had at our disposal, it is also possible to come to differences with 
the mean temperature of 2.°O and 1.°9 C. 
The winter of 1845—1846 being not only very mild, but resem- 
bling in more than one respect that of 1821—1822, he came to 
the conclusion, that it must be possible to make a prognostication 
about the coming winter, if at least he could obtain observations 
about the speed of the Gulfstream proper. 
If the Gulfstream was strong in summer this should be followed 
in his opinion by a large amount of warm water of Atlantic origin 
on the European coasts in autumn and winter, and this warm water 
was the prime cause of mild winters. 
In his days it was however not possible to ascertain the role 
performed by that warm water. 
The question how it was possible to have the current-observations 
at his disposal in time, SABINE meets with the words: 
“Ships sail faster than the water runs”. 
Our method — though quite independent of — starts from SABINE's 
principle of 1846. 
Orro Perrersson ') and Mrtnarpus *), though not starting from the 
Gulfstream, but from the waterfemperature off Norway, Iceland and 
the Faröer, have demonstrated the relation between the Gulfstream 
and the temperature in Sweden and Central-Europe. To their 
method we have the objection that the watertemperature in coastal 
waters is in no small degree affected by on- and off-shore winds. 
Menarbus found the largest correlation in the South of Sweden and 
the southern and western parts of the Baltic. 
From the watertemperature of the Norwegian Sea in December 
he draws his conclusions about the temperature in Europe for the 
succeeding months. Without entering into details it is impossible to 
say any more about these fundamental investigations. 
Hann*) has demonstrated the mutual relation between weather- 
conditions in Iceland and the Northwestern part of Europe. 
Further investigations of MEINARDUS *), BRENNECKE and others enter 
1) Orro Perrersson. Uber die Beziehung zwischen hydrographischen und mete- 
orologischen Phänomenen. Met. Zeitschrift 1896. 
2) WitueLM Metnarpus. Uber einige meteorologische Beziehungen zwischen 
dem Nordatlantischen Ozean und Europa im Winterhalbjahr. Met. Zeitschrift 1898. 
3) J. Hany. Die Anomalien der Witterung auf Island in dem Zeitraum 1851—1900 
und deren Beziehungen zu den gleichzeitigen Witterungsanomalien in Nordwest 
Europa. Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie. Bd. GXIIL Jan. 1904. 
4) Memwwarpus. Periodische Schwankungen der Eistrift bei Island. Annalen etc. 1906. 
Mernarpus. Uber Schwankungen der Nord-atlantischen Zirkulation und ihre 
Folgen. Annalen 1904. 
