1560 
2. Witbout straining the comparison the other motives can be 
easily deduced from this motive of marking; e.g. the dumb-bell 
motive of many Hepialids e.g. in Charagia mirabilis 2 — (which, in 
combination and regular alternation with the system of oval markings. 
was taken by van BEMMELEN as the original groundplan of the different 
genera) — can be explained as arising through a very slight modi- 
fication of the transverse stripes. 
Moreover a great number of transverse winglines, either straight, 
zigzag or undulating, are composed of units, which in reality are 
only unmodified or slightly disturbed internervural stripes. The same 
applies to the metallic dark spots filling the middle part of the 
interspaces between the nervures in Zeuzera pyrina, as proved by 
the many intermediate forms which are found in comparing different 
specimens of this species. 
Even the highly specialised ocellus on the hindwings of Smerinthus 
ocellata, or the loop-shaped and longitudinal striae on the forewings 
of Dicranura vinula can be brought into relation with the above 
mentioned primitive design by a study of the many existing inter- 
mediate forms. 
More instances might easily be adduced, but are better postponed 
until the publication of my paper in full, which will contain more details. 
3. The system of transverse striae reappears in all different parts 
of the order, in the most diverging families of moths and butter- 
flies. Whoever looks over a collection of Lepidoptera containing 
representatives of the different families, will get a strong impression 
of the tenacity, with which for instance the design of the anterior 
margin maintains itself. Even when on the whole remaining part 
of the wing-surface the pattern is strongly modified as e.g. in many 
of our Vanessas, this margin may still show the primitive orna- 
mentation with remarkable clearness. 
4. The primitive motive is found on the wings (so-called wing- 
sheaths) of different pupae e.g. Papilio podalirius, i.e. on wings 
representing a phylogenetically older stage than that of the imago, 
as Povunton') has shown in the case of moths, which have lost 
their wings either totally or partially; while their pupae still possess 
considerable remnants of them; and as vaN BeMMELEN*®) has made 
appear probable with regard to their colour-pattern. 
1) E. B. Poutron, The external Morphology of the Lepidopterous Pupa: its 
Relation to that of the other Stages and to the Origin and History of Metamor- 
phosis. Parts [V—V. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 1891. 
2) J. F. van Bemmeren, Die phylogenetische Bedeutung der Puppenzeichnung bei 
den Rhopaloceren und ihre Beziehungen zu derjenigen der Raupen und Imagines. 
Verhandl. d. Deutschen Zool. Gesellsch., 25 Jhrvers. Bremen, 1913. 
