1561 
5. It also oceurs in Trichoptera, which, being less rich in motives 
of decoration, are less liable to ambiguity on the question of primitivity. 
6. It appears in cases of aberration in forms which normally do 
not show it. BrYK *) caught a very remarkable abnormal specimen 
of Gonepterye rhamni at Myllykyla, which on its left forewing bore 
a few rows of oblong markings, to which he ascribes, in my opinion 
correctly, great phylogenetic importance. 
7. It is called forth, or at least strengthened by abnormal tempe- 
ratures to which lepidopterous pupae are exposed, comp. the splendid 
figures of Vanessa atalanta in MerririeLp’s*) paper on the influence 
of temperature on the pupal stage. 
8. It stands in near relation to the course of the veins. 
We may now consider the question of the origin of this primitive 
pattern. 
First of all we may state with certainty, in my opinion, that the 
colour-patterns did not arise after the differentiation of Lepidoptera 
from a lower order of insects; for on the supposition that the first 
Lepidoptera springing from this older group possessed unicolourous 
wings, and gradually changed this monotonous dress for a more 
elaborate pattern, the parallel development of Trichoptera would 
remain unexplained: we could only ascribe it to convergence, which 
in this ease is highly improbable. 
The facts inevitably lead us to the conclusion, that during their 
development from lower forms, Lepidoptera were already provided 
with wing-ornamentation, as a heritage from these ancestral forms. 
The latter accordingly must have borne the same wing-markings, 
but here located in the as yet unmodified hairy covering and pro- 
bably also in the wing-membrane itself, viz. in the same parts where 
we still find them at present in Trichoptera. 
If the colour-pattern were the only factor which we had to 
consider in determining the phylogenetic relationships, there would 
be no reason why we should not regard Lepidoptera as modified 
Trichopiera. 
But this is not the case; in trying to make out the ancestry we 
are obliged to pay attention to as many features as possible. On 
this account HanprirscH*) thinks it impossible that Lepidoptera 
1) PF. Bryx, Ein Citronenblatt mit einer urspriinglichen Weiszling-zeichnung, 
Zool. Anzeiger, 1914, — 
2) F. Merririerp, The effects of temperature in the pupal stage on the colouring 
of Pieris napi, Vanessa atalania, Chrysophanus phloeas, and Ephyra punctaria. 
Transact. Entom. Society, London, 1893. 
3) Hanpurscu, A., Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen, 
Leipzig, 1908, 
