ANTHROPOMETRY 19 



[This subdivision is not seldom vitiated by the presence of inter- 

 callated bones, especially at lambda.] 



23. Transverse arc; m.t. 



Landmarks: Measure from the most prominent point on each zygo- 

 matic crest, directly above the meatus; the tape to be applied trans- 

 versely over the vault in such a way that it will pass over the bregma 

 and connect the two preceding points. 

 (6) Circumference, or Horizontal Arc; m.t. 



Landmarks: Anteriorly — above the supraorbital ridges; posteriorly 

 — over the upper portion of the occipital, so as to obtain the maximum 

 measurement ; care necessary that the level of the tape is the same on 

 both sides. 



24. Capacity. 



Without making a selection from the different methods and while 

 recognizing the value of the method of Broca, the commission advises 

 that there should always be at hand standards or skulls of control, of 

 considerably differing capacities, with which the exactness of the in- 

 dividual procedure should be verified; the commission also advises, 

 however, the utilization as far as it may be possible of the direct meas- 

 urement of cranial capacity by water with a rubber bag or con- 

 tainer. 



B. LOWER JAW 



25. Bicondylar breadth; e.g. 



Landmarks: The most external points on each condyle; the separ- 

 ation of these points constitutes the measurement. 



26. The bigoniac breadth; e.g. 



Landmarks: The gonions, or points of the angles formed by the as- 

 cending branches with the body of the lower jaw. 



The separation of the angles is measured by applying the compass 

 to their external surface. 



27. Length [i. e., height] of the ascending branch; e.g. 



Landmarks: Superiorly — the uppermost point of the condyle;' in- 

 feriorly — the gonion ; but as frequently it is very difficult to determine 

 this point, it is best to take the intersection of the lines prolonging the 

 inferior and posterior borders of the bone. 



' The French original says "bord superieur du condyle," which doubtless means 

 the transverse ridge of the condyle on which the uppermost point is generally 

 located. See illustration. 



