76 ALES HRDLI^KA 



to be measured and should therefore be the ear measured on all occa- 

 sions. The two measurements to be taken are the greatest length, 

 and the greatest breadth at right angles to the length. Both are 

 taken with the sliding compass (Fig. 14). 



Length Maximum. — Landmarks: Superiorly the highest point on 

 the border of the helix; inferiorly the lowest point on the lobule. The 

 rod of the compass should be held parallel to the long axis of the ear; 

 use no pressure (Intern. Agr.). 



Method: Place third, fourth and fifth fingers of left hand above the 

 ear, apply fixed branch of compass to ball of the medius, bring it 

 gently with this to the uppermost part of the ear, push sliding branch 

 to lowermost point of lobule, holding instrument parallel to the long 

 axis of the ear, and read measurement. 



Breadth. — Distance between two lines parallel to the long axis 

 of the ear, one of these lines being tangent to the anterior, the other 

 to the posterior border of the helix (Intern. Agr.). 



Method: Place three fingers of left hand above the ear as for pre- 

 ceding measurement. Apply fixed branch to ball of the free thumb, 

 and with this bring to the anterior limit of the cartilage of the helix, 

 which can be done most readily by applying a little pressure on the 

 point of your instrument so that this sinks in front of the helix. Hold 

 the fixed branch parallel to the long axis of the ear, bring sliding 

 branch to the outermost part of the ear, and read measurement. 



MEASUREMENTS OF THE TRUNK AND LIMBS 



Breadth of Shoulders. — The most satisfactory breadth is that be- 

 tween the great tuberosities of the humeri, which are easily ascertained 

 in all subjects. 



Instrument: Large sliding compass (Topinard, Martin, or Hrdli6ka). 



Method: Apply branches of compass to points indicated with suffi- 

 cient pressure to feel the unyielding resistance of the bone, and read 

 measurement. The arms in natural pendent position. 



Diameters of the Chest. — The most satisfactory level for measuring 

 the diameters of the chest is that at the height of the nipples in men, 

 and at the corresponding height of the upper border of the fourth 

 chondrosternal articulation in women. The developmental and racial 

 variations at this point appear to be better marked than they are 

 in any other part of the thorax. 



