ANTHROPOMETRY 93 



or "excessive." Male mastoids generally range from medium to 

 large, female mastoids from small to medium. Small mastoids do 

 not occur in males nor do large or excessive mastoids occur in 

 females. 



The zygoma maybe "slender," "moderate," "mediimi," "strong," 

 or "massive." They range in males from medium to massive, in 

 females from slender to medium. 



The occipital crests when well or markedly developed as a rule 

 indicate a male. In females they range from "submedium" to 

 "absent." 



The lower jaw in the male shows on the average greater size, thick- 

 ness, and weight as a whole, a higher body throughout, a higher symphy- 

 sis especially, a broader ascending branch, an angle less obtuse than 

 in the female, and strong condyles. A lower jaw of moderate size and 

 strength, with a low symphysis, a rounded chin (a square chin points 

 to male sex), a relatively low body, only moderately broad ascending 

 ramus; delicate or but moderately strong condyles, and an angle of 

 more than 125°, may safely be diagnosed as feminine. 



The palate in the male skull is usually larger and appreciably broader, 

 and the teeth in the male are on the average perceptibly larger than 

 those in the female. 



The "physiognomy" of the face, or the impression that the face 

 with the lower jaw in position makes upon the experienced observer, 

 is a characteristic of considerable importance in sex determination. 

 The average male skull presents a decidedly more masculine physiog- 

 nomy than does the average female cranium. This is due to a combina- 

 tion of factors which should be briefly enumerated. The forehead in 

 the female skull is usually more vertical than in the male, and smoother; 

 the borders of the orbits in the average male skull are dull, in the aver- 

 age female sharp; the nasal process of the frontal, the nasal bones, the 

 malars, and the upper maxillae as a whole, are larger and stouter in the 

 male than in the female; and the height of the upper alveolar process, 

 between the nasal aperture and the front teeth, is greater in the male. 

 The nasal aperture, moreover, is less high, often relatively somewhat 

 broader, and more delicately moulded in the female. All this, together 

 with the sexual characteristics of the lower jaw, when present, gives 

 the face a certain expression which is of great help in identifying the 

 sex of the skull. Unfortunately the lower jaw is often missing, and 

 the upper face damaged or affected by senile changes, all of which 

 diminishes or disturbs the sexual expression. 



