94 ALE§ HRDLICKA 



Thickness of the vault, alone, is of no decisive value in sexual identi- 

 fication, for while the bones of the male are on the average slightly 

 thicker, individual thick and massive vaults are encountered in both 

 sexes, especially among primitive peoples. 



The base of the skull presents a complex of structures which as a 

 whole show stronger development and larger dimensions in the male 

 than in the female. The foramina, too, are in general larger in the 

 male. 



Sexual Characteristics of Other Skeletal Parts.— As in the sexual 

 identification of the skull we are often obliged to consult the rest of the 

 skeleton, if at hand, the principal sex determining characteristics of 

 the latter may well be dealt with in this connection. 



In detailed examinations we find that every bone in the body offers 

 certain sexual differences. The most important skeletal parts for 

 sexual identification aside from the skull are, however, the pelvis, the 

 long bones, and the larger of the remaining parts. 



As to the pelvis,' the important sexual characteristics which it 

 presents may conveniently be shown as follows: 



Male Female 



Subpubic arch V-shaped Broader (approaching U-shaped) 



with diverging branches 



Ischio-pubic rami But slightly everted Markedly and characteristically 



everted 



Symphysis High Lower 



Obturator foramina Large Smaller, more triangular 



Acetabula Large Smaller 



Greater sciatic notch .... Rather close and Wide and shallow 



deep 



Iha High, more upright Lower, more flaring in upper portion 



Sacro-iliac articulations . . Large Smaller, more oblique 



1 See (besides the modern textbooks on Anatomy, and Obstetrics) : 



Emmons (A. B.), "A study of the variations in the female pelvis," etc. Biomelrica, 

 1912, IX, 33-57. 



Hennig (C), "Das Rassenbecken," Arch.}. Anthrop., 1885, XVI, 161-228 (Bibl.). 



Runge (G.), "Shape of female pelvis in different races," 8°, St. Petersburg, 1888; 

 80 pp. 



Sergi (G.), "L'indice ilio-pelvico o indice sessuale nel bacino delle raze umane," 

 La Clin. OsL, 1899, I; 7pp. 



Thompson (A.), "The sexual differences of the foetal pelvis," J. Anal, and Physiol., 

 Lond., 1899, XXXIII, 359-380. 



Verneau (R.), "Le bassin dans les sexes et dans les races," 8°, Paris, 1875, 156 pp. 



Waldeyer (W.), "Das Becken." 8°, Bonn, 1899, 600 pp. 



Zaaijer (T.), "Der Sulcus preauricularis ossis ilei," Verh. k. Akad. Wet., Amster- 

 dam, 1893, 23 pp. 



