102 ' ALE§ HRDLICKA 



even without fracture, is sometimes remarkable. As a result the 

 vault of a skull may assume extreme steno-dolichocephalic or plagio- 

 cephalic appearance, and the arch of the lower jaw be considerably 

 compressed — conditions which could easily deceive the inexperienced.' 

 Posthumous deformations of the long bones may simulate curvatures; 

 in other parts they are immaterial. 



Deformations caused by disease- are most commonly those of rickets, 

 or hydrocephalus. Microcephaly, akromegaly, diffuse osteoporosis, 

 and leontiasis ossea, each represent or may produce marked alterations 

 in the shape, size, weight, and individual features of the skull. But 

 recognition of these conditions when well developed offers no difficulties. 

 The bones of the skeleton may be altered through dwarfism, cretinism, 

 giantism, acromegaly, syphilis, inflammations, tumors, osteomalacia, 

 tuberculosis, and above all, as already mentioned, by rachitis. 



Measurements of the Skull 



As for measurements on the living, so for those on the skull, the 

 observer needs a well-lighted place and one where he will be least 

 disturbed. He will need ample table space, which, however, may in 

 part be improvised with boards. He should have at hand a camera, a 



' See Tarenetzky (A. J.), Postmortem alterations and damage of skulls (in Russian) 

 Proc. Anthrop. Sect. Milil.-Med. Acad. St. Petersb., 1895, I, 19. 



2 See Baekman (G.), "Ueber die Scaphoceplialie," Anal. Hefle, H. 112, Wiesbaden, 

 1908, 219-270 (with extensive bibliography). — "Ueber Bathro- und Chnocephalie," 

 Ibid., H. 140, 1912, 495-571 (Bibl.). 



Bogtstra (J. N.), "De Schedel met ingedrukte Basis," Leiden, 1864, 44 pp. 



Broca (P.), "Instructions craniologiques, etc.," Paris, 1875. 



Davia (J. B.), "On synostotio crania among aboriginal races of man," Naluurk. 

 Verkandl. d. Wet. t. Haarlem, 1865, XXII, 59 pp. 



Frassetto (F.), "Appunti suUa scafocefaUa patologica," Atti Soc. Rom. di Anlrop., 

 1905, XI, 18 pp. — "Appunti sulla trigonocefaha," Ibid., 7 pp.^" Appunti sulla 

 'oxicephaha,'" Atli Cong. Nalur. Ital., 1907, 8 pp. 



Grawitz (P.), "Beitrag zur Lehre von der basilaren Impression des Schadels," 

 Arch. /. palhol. Anat., LXXX, 449-^74. 



Buschke (E.), "Ueber Craniosclerosis totalis rhaohitica und verdickte Schadel 

 uberhaupt," 4°, Jena, 1858. 



Knox (R.), "The cranium," Conlr. to Anat. and Physiol., repr. fr. London Med. 

 Gaz., 1842-3, II, 6-9. 



Manouvrier (L.), "£tude craniom6trique but la plagiooephahe," Bull. Soc. 



d' Anthrop. Pans, 1883, VI, 526-553. , and E. Chantre, "La dohchocdphaUe 



anomale, etc.," Bull. Soc. d' Anthrop. Lyon, 1SS6 (repr. 14 pp.). 



Pommerol (F.), "Recherches sur la synostose des os du crtlne, consideree an point 

 de vue normal et pathologique chez les differents races humaines." Thdse, Paris, 

 1869, 116 pp. 



Virchow (R.), Gesam. Abh., 1856. 



