ANTHROPOMETRY 106 



tape, are the same as for measurements on the living; but in addition 

 the student will need an outfit for measuring the skull capacity; one 

 for drawing; a Broca's mandibular goniometer; a transparent goniom- 

 eter; and instruments for special purposes, such as the occipital goniom- 

 eter, small sharp pointed calipers, an endocompass, curved brass 

 probe, etc. For measurements on other bones of the skeleton he will 

 need, in addition, the standard osteometric board with a block, a 

 pelviphore, and apparatus for measuring the torsion of the humerus. 

 With a few exceptions, these appliances are described and illustrated 

 in Broca's "Instructions Craniologiques et Craniom^triques " (Paris, 

 1875); in Topinard's "Elements d'Anthropologie G^n^rale" (Paris, 

 1885); in Martin's "Lehrbuch der Anthropologic" (Jena, 1914); 

 and in Mathieu's, Collin's, and Hermann's Catalogues of anthropo- 

 metric instruments. As far as additional description or remarks may 

 be called for, they will be made most suitably in connection with the 

 individual measurements. 



Landmarks. — Before proceeding to the description of methods, it 

 will be useful to give a list of the landmarks on the skull and their 

 definitions. We may here conveniently draw on Topinard's and 

 Martin's textbooks and on Cunningham's and other modern Anato- 

 mies, which include lists of this nature; but it may be of some advan- 

 tage to give the terms in alphabetical order, and in a few instances 

 to supplement the definitions. 



Alveolar Point {or Prosthion). — The term "alveolar point" has a long 

 priority of usage and no valid reaspn is apparent why it should be 

 changed. It is the lowest point of the upper alveolar arch, be- 

 tween the median incisors. Broca defined it as the lower ex- 

 tremity of the intermaxillary suture, but occasionally the bone 

 on one side or the other projects slightly beyond the suture, so 

 that the above definition is preferable. 



Asterion. — The point of meeting of the temporo-parietal, temporo- 

 occipital and lambdoid sutures. 



Basion. — The middle of the anterior margin of the foramen magnum. 



Bregma. — The point of junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures. 



Dacryon. — The point of junction of the lachrymo-maxillary, fronto- 

 maxillary and fronto-lachrymal sutures. 



Glabella. — A point midway between the two supraorbital ridges. 



Gonion. — Point of the angle formed by the ascending branch with the 

 body of the lower jaw. 



Gnathion. — See Menton. 



