106 ALES HRDLICKA 



Inion. — The most prominent point of the external occipital protu- 

 berance. (Now of secondary importance. In some specimens 

 the protuberance may be absent; rarely it may be double with 

 a depression between; and in instances it may be wholly re- 

 placed by a depression.) 



Lambda. — Thp meeting point of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures. 

 (Often displaced by Wormian or other intercalated bones.) 



Maximum Occipital Point. — The point on the squamous part of the 

 occipital most distant from the glabella. 



Menton ("Point mentonniere," "Gnathion"). — The lowest point in 

 the middle of the bony chin. 



Nasion. — The median point of the naso-frontal suture. 



Obelion. — A point on the sagittal suture on a line with the parietal 

 foramina. (When both foramina are absent, the point may be 

 estimated by comparison with other skulls.) 



Ophryon. — The central point of the smallest transverse diameter of 

 the forehead, measured from on temporal line to the other. 

 (Obsolete.) 



Opisthion. — The middle of the posterior margin of the foramen mag- 

 num. 



Pogonion. — The most prominent point of the bony chin. 



Pterion. — The spheno-parietal (or fronto-temporal, when that form 

 exists) articulation. 



Subnasal Points. — The lowest point, on each side, on the lower border 

 of the nasal aperture, i. e., the lowest points anteriorly of the two 

 nasal fossae. (If simian gutters are present, the subnasal points 

 may be located on the lines limiting anteriorly the floor of the 

 nasal cavity, or their location may be impossible.) 



Stephanion. — The point where the coronal suture crosses the temporal 

 Hne. (Obsolete.) 



Vertex. — The summit of the cranial vault. 



Methods. 



As with measurements on the living, so with the skull and 

 the rest of the skeleton, our foremost and most binding authority 

 are the International Agreements (q. v., p. 50 et seq.). But as in 

 that case so here the directions may in places be amplified so as to aid 

 the student and prevent misconceptions. More or less obsolete 

 measurements, on the other hand, may well be excluded, for the object 

 of this treatise is to deal with the essential parts, rather than with the 

 entire large field, of anthropometry. 



