ANTHROPOMETRY 109 



ployed for the filling, as it is possible to completely fill the cranial cavity 

 without using the process of jamming, such as that used by Broca; 

 this allows the most fragile skull to be measured without any injury. 

 Welcker advocated a funnel large enough to receive all the contents of 

 the skull. The contents of the properly fiUed skull are emptied into a 

 separate vessel and then "with one movement is versed into the funnel," 

 which is open (not provided with any stopper) and held in position 

 vertically and centrally above the graduated receiving vessel. Each 

 new series of measurements is controlled by the standard skull. 



The author's method, in use since 1901,' is a modification of Welck- 

 er's. It is based on the observations, that: (a) The same substance 

 poured through the same funnel with the same rapidity will always 

 give the same, but with different rapidity will give differing, measures ; 

 (6) each different substance that can be utiUzed for the measurement 

 of cranial capacity, flowing through a definite size of funnel and with 

 regulated rapidity, will give different results from those given by any 

 other substance flowing through the same funnel and with equally 

 regulated rapidity, (c) Given the same regulation of rapidity of the 

 flow, there can be obtained, through the proper selection of funnels 

 of different diameter, any measurement, ranging between the minimum 

 and maximum of a substance of medium weight and size, by all the 

 solid substances employable for filling the cranial cavity. 



Efficient regulation of the flow of the substance used was obtained 

 by adding to the funnel a movable stopper. By doing this, it becomes 

 immaterial as to with what rapidity, or in what manner, the funnel 

 is filled before opening the stopper. This removes at once all source 

 of error connected with the emptying of the cranial contents, and 

 allows us to dispense with the extra vessel used in measuring the cranial 

 contents in Welcker's procedure. With the funnel closed, the cranial 

 contents are poured into it entirely at the convenience of the measurer. 



The apparatus used is shown in Fig. 17. The mode of filling the 

 skull is that used by Flower. To measure the contents, they are 

 emptied directly, in any way desired, into a combination of a zinc vessel 

 (higher than, but otherwise similar to, the standard Broca's double 

 liter) and a removable funnel of 45° dip, with 15 mm. high vertical 

 section, which, for my purpose (using old, dry mustard seed) is 20 mm. 

 in diameter. Immediately below the funnel is a movable disk which 

 acts as its stopper. The disk is attached to a rod which rises along the 

 side of the vessel and above its border, and ends in a lever; by using 



' Described in Science, 1903, 1011-14. 

 Published originally in Science, 1903, 1011. 



