ANTHROPOMETRY 113 



Note: If subdivisions of the arc are to be recorded, include only those 

 specimens in which there are no intercalated bones at bregma or 

 lambda. 



VISUAL OBSERVATIONS 



As in the case of measurements, so in that of visual observations, 

 only those will be included in the scheme presented here which are of 

 more than casual importance, and which are needed if the observer 

 is to transmit, or the student receive, a well-rounded impression of the 

 specimen or series examined. On special occasions other observations 

 may become of importance and may then be included in the general 

 scheme, or be carried out separately. 



A well organized system of observations renders work easier, more 

 rapid, and more accurate. The main care to be exercised by the stu- 

 dent in this connection is that his standards correspond as closely as 

 possible to those generally accepted or understood ; and in the report on 

 his work he should invariably include brief but clear explanatory 

 statements as to his use of terms and standards. In recording, all 

 unnecessary details should be avoided. Observation blanks are given 

 below. 



The subsequent notes will be of assistance in recording the visual 

 observations. They are given in the same order as followed in the 

 blanks. In recording, for "average," "medium," "ordinary," 

 "normal," use always the sign-f-; for other characters use abbrevia- 

 tions. Rare features deserve separate and comprehensive description. 



Notes 



Pathological: Under this term are included injuries, signs of disease, 

 and pathological exostoses, but no morphological abnormalities. 



Vault: Form from above (Norma superior) — Main types: Ovoid, 

 pentagonal, elliptical — short, medium or long; rotund. 



Supraorbital ridges: Traces, slight, moderate; medium (-(-, feminine, 

 masculine); pronounced; excessive; neanderthaloid arch. 



Mastoids: Small, moderate or submedium, medium (+), large, 

 excessive; peculiarities. 



Forehead: High, medium (4-), or low; vertical, slightly, moderately 

 or markedly sloping; eminences reduced to one central, or unduly 

 bulging; assymetry (slight or marked); overhanging (hydrocephalus). 

 Metopic suture; metopic ridge. 

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