igo6.] Wheeler, Founding of Colonies by Queen Ants. 47 



Buckley, neorufibarbis Emery, neoclara Emery, montana Emery. Ad- 

 ditional species: F. subpolita Mayr with the varieties neogagates 

 Emery and perpilosa Wheeler; F. cinerea Mayr var. neocinerea 

 Wheeler; F. lasioides Emery and its var. picea Emery; F. rufibarbis 

 Mayr var. occidentalis Wheeler and F. pilicornis Emery. 



2. The pallide-fulva group. Not represented in Europe. Typical 

 and most widely distributed form: F. pallide-fulva Latr. subsp.schau- 

 fussi Mayr, with the varieties: incerta Emery, nitidiventris Emery, 

 succinea Wheeler, meridionalis Wheeler and the typical pallide-fulva. 



3. The sanguinea group. European type: F. sanguinea Latr. The 

 common American forms are the subspecies rubicunda Emery and its 

 var. subintegra Emery. Additional subspecies: puberula Emery, 

 obtusopilosa Emery, submtda Emery. Additional species: F. per- 

 gandei Emery and munda Wheeler. 



4. The rufa group. European type: F. rufa Linn. Additional 

 European forms: F. pratensis, truncicola and pressilabris. The species 

 is represented in America by F. rufa subsp. integra Nyl. and its var. 

 hcsmorrkoidalis Emery, subsp. obscuriventris Mayr, and its varieties: 

 integr aides Emery, rubiginosa Emery, and melanotica Emery and the 

 subsp. obsctiripes Forel. Additional species: F. difficilis Emery and 

 its var. consocians Wheeler, F. areas Wheeler, dryas Wheeler, and its 

 var. gymnomma Wheeler, ciliata Mayr, inipexa Wheeler, tnontigena 

 Wheeler, nepHcula Wheeler, nevadensis Wheeler, microgyria Wheeler 

 and its variety rasilisWheelev , dakotensis Emery and its variety was- 

 nianni Forel. 



5. The ^^5^cto group. European type : F. exsecta. Nyl. American 

 forms: F. exsectoides Forel and its var. opaciventris Emery. Additional 

 species: F. ulkei Emery. 



With respect to the method of establishing their colonies these 

 five groups may be arranged under three heads: 



1. The ants of the fiisca and pallide-ftdva groups agree in having 

 large females that adopt the usual method of colony formation. I 

 have observed this in most of the varieties of both species. 



2. Many, if not all, the ants of the rufa and exsecta groups seem to 

 be temporary social parasites; that is, their young fertilized females 

 are unable to rear a first brood without the assistance of workers be- 

 longing to the fusca or pallide-fulva groups. In several of the species 

 this inability is very clearly indicated by the diminutive stature of 

 the females, which may be actually smaller than the largest workers of 

 their own species and seem to be much less immediately fertile than 

 the females of the fusca and pallide-fulva groups. 



