g6 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXII, 



which have unmistakable inquilinous instincts, not to mention other 

 species, are to be interpreted in the same manner as the toleration 

 and adoption of myrmecophiles. These ants are, in a word, merely 

 myrmecophilous insects. 



Fourth, animosities among ants are certainly not, in all cases, 

 reactions to unfamiliar odors. The tactile sensations, which are 

 associated with those of odor in these insects, may be very important 

 and cannot be readily isolated in experiments like those undertaken 

 by Miss Fielde. In several of my experiments on F. consocians it was 

 seen that sister queens that had been living in perfect amity in the 

 parental nest attacked one another furiously when placed in a nest 

 containing incerta workers. Such animosity could hardly be aroused 

 by odors. If something akin to this mutual hostility in dealated and 

 fertilized females were not the general rule among sister ants, they 

 would often establish their colonies in partnership, but only one 

 such case has hitherto been observed in a state of nature, (vide 

 supra p. 41). 



Contrary to the hypothesis advanced almost simultaneously by 

 Wasmann ^ and myself ,2 I now believe that slavery, or dulosis, has no 

 direct ontogenetic or phylogenetic connection with the condition I 

 have called temporary social parasitism. Although only one of the 

 forms with which I experimented, namely F. sanguinea ruhicunda, 

 gave positive and clean-cut results, the behavior of the others, F. san- 

 guinea aserva and subintegra and Polyergus lucidus, though much less 

 satisfactory, was deficient rather than opposed to the results derived 

 from ruhicunda. That aserva, subintegra and Polyergus, in founding 

 their colonies, may present conditions intermediate between those of 

 ruhicunda Q.r\6i consocians is, of course, possible. I have given reasons 

 for believing that under natural conditions the recently fertilized 

 female of F. ruhicunda enters some small colony of subsericea, a species 

 with which, of course, she has been familiar during her whole prenupt- 

 ial life in the parental nest, kills the workers, if they attack her, seizes 

 the larvae and pupae, stands guard over them and helps them to hatch. 

 These workers then function as so many loyal nurses in feeding the 

 queen and rearing her young as soon as they are brought forth. 

 When the latter have reached maturity, they show the dulotic in- 

 stincts of their mother in a modified and exaggerated form, making 

 concerted forays on neighboring subsericea colonies, kidnapping their 

 brood, and thereby perpetuating the mixed colony. 



1 Ursprung und Entwickelung der Sklaverei, etc., he. cit. 



2 An Interpretation of the Slave-making Instincts in Ants. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. XXI. 

 Feb. 14, 1905, pp. i-i6. 



