54 Bulletin Americav Muficum of Natural History ['N'ol. XXIII, 



more or less undeveloped and in correlation with them the head is por- 

 tionally shorter, smaller and rounder than in the females and workers of 

 the same species. Even when the latter phases have brilliant or metallic 

 colors, as in certain species of Macromischa and Ectatomma, the males are 

 uniformly red, yellow, brown or black. Yet notwithstanding this monotony 

 of structure and coloration, the male type may present the following inter- 

 esting modifications. 



(2) The macraner is an unusually large form of male which occasion- 

 ally occurs in populous colonies. 



(3) The micraner, or dwarf male, differs from the typical form merely in 

 its smaller stature. Such forms often arise in artificial nests. 



(4) The dorijlaner is an unusually large male form peculiar to the 

 driver and legionary ants of the subfamily Dorylinse (Dorylus and Eciton). 

 It is characterized by its large and peculiarly modified mandibles, long 

 cylindrical gaster and singular genitalia. It may be regarded as an aberrant 

 macraner that has come to be the typical male of the Dorylinse. 



(5) The ergataner, ergatomorphic, or ergatoid male resembles the 

 worker in having no wings and in the structure of the antennae. It occurs 

 in the genera Ponera, Formicoxenus, Symmyrmica, and Cardiocondyla. 

 In certain species of Ponera (P. punctatissima and ergatandria) and in 

 Formicoxenus nitiduJus the head and thorax are surprisingly worker-like, 

 in other forms like Symmyrmica chamherlini these parts are more like those 

 of the ordinary male ant, while P. eduardi shows a more intermediate devel- 

 opment of the head with a worker-like thorax. Forel,^ has recently shown 

 that the ergataner may coexist with the aner, at least in one species of Po- 

 nera (P. eduardi Forel). In other words, this ant has dimorphic males. 



(6) The gyncecaner, or gynsecttmorphic male occurs in certain parasitic 

 and workerless genera (Aner gates and Epcrcus) and resembles a female 

 rather than a worker form. The male of Aner gates is wingless, but has 

 the same number of antennal joints as the female. In Epcrcus both sexes 

 are very much alike and both have 11-12-jointed antennje.^ 



(7) The phthisaner is a pupal male which in its late larval or semipupal 

 state has its juices partially exhausted by an Orasema larva. This male is 

 too much depleted to pass on to the imaginal stage. The wings are sup- 

 pressed and the legs, head, thorax, and antennae remain abortive. 



(8) The female (gyne), or queen, is the more highly specialized sex 

 among ants and is characterized, as a ride, by her large stature and the 

 more uniform development of her organs. The head is well developed and 



1 Diniorphisme du Male chez les Fourmis. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XLVIII, 1904. 



2 For an account of the ergatandric and g-yna'candric forms see Emery, 'Zur Kenntnias 

 des Polymorphismus der Ameisen,' Biol. Centralbl., XXVI, 1906, pp. 624-630, 4 figs. 



