FAMILY GRUIDA2. — CRANES. 95 
ORDER PALUDECOL. 
Cranes, Rails, Courlans. 
FAMILY GRUIDAE. 
Cranes. 
Bill, over 3 inches long; wing, over 16 inches; tarsus, over 7 inches; 
toes, four, no comb-like edge on inner side of middle toe nail; hind toe, 
elevated above level of front toes. 
General plumage, white ; 
primaries, black; wing, over 
20 inches long (carpus to tip) ; 
immature birds are more or less 
buff. Grus americana. 
Whooping Crane. 
See No. 161. 
General plumage, slaty 
gray; bare skin, on head of 
adult; red, in life; immature 
birds are brownish; wing, from 
15 to 22 inches long. 
Grus mexican. 
Sandhill Crane. 
see No. 163. 
Whooping Crane. 
