136 THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, 
(2.) First primary, not short, never less than two thirds as long as second or third; bill, 
stout and conical; nostrils, high near the culmen; primaries, 9; tarsus, flattened behind. 
413 
pill. Side of Dill. 
et ide of I Eamily FRINGILLIDE. Sparrows, Finches, Buntings, etc. 
See page 226. 
First primary, not short, never less than two thirds as long 
eee ne caees Sa es as third, and often nearly the same length; bill, slender and 
#24 pointed ; back of tarsus, thin and sharp, not rounded as in front; 
hind toe and claw, not longer than middle toe and claw. 
525 528 7 = 
Family MNIOTILTIDAZ. Warblers. 
see page 275. 
GROUP 3. 
Birds having wings measuring from 2.75 to 3.25 
inches long.* 
Section 1. First primary less than half as long as third. 
Part 1. A small but distinct hook or notch at tip of upper mandible. 
Bill, very slightly hooked; primaries, 
10, the first often very short; toes, joined 
together at base. Plain colored birds, 
usually greenish or grayish, but often show 
a faint wash of yellow on underparts ; tail, 
always without white spots. 
Family VIREONIDAE. Vireos 
See page 271. 
* For directions for measurement, see page Vill. 
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