KEY TO FAMILIES. — LAND BIRDS. 141 
Section 3. Upper mandible, not notched and hooked at tip. 
Part 1. First primary less than one half as long as third. 
Toes, four, two in front and two behind; or toes, three, two in front and one behind; éai/ 
feathers, stiff and pointed. (If tail feathers are not stiff and pointed, see Nuthatches, next 
family.) Order PICI. Woodpeckers. Family PICIDAZ. Woodpeckers. 
See page 190. 
Bill, as illustrated; nostrils, concealed by bristly tufts ; 
tarsus, scutellate; first primary, very short; tail feathers, 
not stiff and pointed. (If tail feathers are stiff and pointed, 
look for the bird under Family Picidee.) 
Family PARIDe. 
Subfamily SITTINAE. Nuthatches. 
See page 317. 
Bill, as illustrated; nostrils, concealed by bristly tufts of hair-like 
feathers; first primary, short; forehead, black; back, gray; head, with 
more or less crest; sides of body, washed with brown (‘Tufted Titmouse). 
Family PARIDA®. Titmice. 
See page 318. 
First primary, about one half as long as 
third; feet, zygodactyle (toes, two in front, 
two behind); outer tail feathers, very much 
shorter than middle feathers. 
Family CUCULIDAE. Cuckoos. 
See page 188. 
