KEY TO FAMILIES. — LAND BIRDS. 145 
Feet, syndactyle; toes, four, the middle and outer ones joined, being fastened together for 
more than half their length. 
Family ALCEDINIDA:. Kingfishers. 
See page 189. 
First primary, much shorter than second, always less than three fourths as long 
as third; fourth, or fifth primary, longest; bill, stout and strong; the nostrils, concealed by 
ecarse, hair-like feathers; outer tail feathers, shorter than middle feathers. 
=f 
30 
Family CORVIDAZ. Subfamily GARRULINA:. Jays. 
See page 209. 
First primary, never less than three fourths as long as third; base of bill, extend- 
ing backward, forming a point, dividing the feathers of the forehead ; nostrils, exposed ; outer 
tail feathers, shorter than middle feathers. 
Family ICTERIDA®. Blackbirds, Orioles, Meadow Larks. 
see page 213. 
