10 A MANUAL OF THE BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA. 
Eggs.—Clutch, two; dull white, surface smooth; axis 55-57.5, diameter 
4254-3. 
Breeding-season.—September to January. 
Distribution and forms —Throughout New Zealand and the Chatham Islands, 
and as far north as the Solitary Islands, New South Wales, in Australia, and westwards 
along the south coast to Cape Leeuwin, West Australia. Five subspecies have been 
distinguished : E. m. minor (Forster) from New Zealand ; EZ. m. iredalei Mathews 
from the Chatham Islands, by its shorter, thicker bill and darker coloration ; H.m. 
novehollandie (Stephens) by its larger size, longer bill and greyer coloration ; 
E.m. undina (Gould) by its small size and weaker bill and purer blue-grey coloration ; 
and EH. m. woodwardi Mathews by its grey-blue coloration and grey flipper. 
Recently Alexander and Nicholls (Zmu, XVIII., p. 50, 1918), following Nicholls 
(Emu, XVIL., p. 118, 1918) have concluded that all the Australian birds should be 
referred to one subspecies. From their figures, however, it is indicated that EH. m. 
novehollandie (Stephens) will again prove acceptable on account of its larger bill 
(probably also larger size and paler coloration), and also Z. m. woodwardi Mathews 
on its greyer coloration and also slightly larger size, as to bill, ete., when longer series 
of these are studied. 
Genus EUDYPTES. 
Eudyptes Vieillot, Analyse nouv. Ornith., p. 67, April 14th, 1816. Endyptes, p. 67 = Eudyptes, 
p. 70. Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, p. 77, 1840): Catarrhactes chrysocome 
Auct. = Gorfou sauteur Buffon (?=Hudyptes nigrivestis Gray). 
Catarrhactes Cuvier, Le Régne Anim., Vol. I., p. 513, [1817=] Dec. 7th, 1816. Type (by 
monotypy): Apt. chrysocome Gm.= Gorfou sauteur Buffon. 
Chrysocoma Stephens, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., Vol. XIII., pt. 1, p. 57, Feb. 18th, 1826. Type 
(by subsequent designation): C. saltator Stephens = Gorfou sauteur Buffon. 
Geopega Billberg, Synops. Faune Scand., Vol. I., pt. u., tab. A, 1828. New name for (Gorfou 
Cuv. =) Catarrhactes Cuvier (cf. Austral Av. Rec., Vol. II., pts. 2 and 3, p. 42, Oct. 23rd, 1913). 
Microdyptes Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), Ser. VI., Vol. [X., Art. 9, p. 58, (prob. 
after June) 1880. Type (by monotypy): Hudyptula serrestana Oustalet. 
Penguinus Mathews, Nov. Zool., Vol. XVILI., p. 495, Dec. 15th, 1910 (ex Briinnich, Zool. Fund., 
p. 78, 1771). Type (by original designation): Ph. demersus Linné, 7.e., Auct.= Eudyptes 
pachyrhynchus Gray. 
Catarractes Auct., not Catarractes Brisson, which is indeterminable. 
Large crested Penguins with short stout bills, medium flippers, long tail, and 
stout feet. The bill is short and very stout, the latericorn laterally expanded. The 
culmen has the ridge flattened and the tip is hooked, while the nostrils are obsolete, 
but the nasal groove prominent. The lower mandible is very strong and the gape 
is comparatively short ; the interramal space very small and feathered. A long 
crest is formed on each side of the head above the eyes, in some cases the feathers of 
the top of the head also elongated. The flipper is fairly long and narrow. The tail 
is composed of sixteen very narrow feathers in a very pointed wedge, the feathers 
flattened with the lower surface of the shaft excavate. The feet are typical. 
Coloration blue above and white below with a dark throat and yellow crest. 
5. Eudyptes pachyrhynchus.—BIG-CRESTED PENGUIN. 
Gould, Vol. VII., pl. 83 (pt. xxxm1.), Sept. Ist, 1848. Mathews, Vol. I., pt. 5, pl. 65, Oct. 
3ist, 1911. 
Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Gray, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Birds, pt. 2, p. 17, Oct. 1845: Waiko- 
waiti, South Island, New Zealand. 
DisTRIBUTION.—Straggler to Tasmania, Victoria (?) and West Australia (?) 
Adult male—General colour of the upper-surface dark bluish-grey ; a line of 
yellow feathers from the lores over the eye, where it is elongated into a crest on the 
