66 A MANUAL OF THE BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA. 
Halieus leucomelas Gloger, Journ. fiir Ornith., Jan. 1857, p. 14. Emendation of Vieillot’s 
name. 
Carbo melanoleucus melvillensis Mathews, Austral Av. Rec., Vol. I., pt. 3, p. 74, June 28th, 
1912: Melville Island, Northern Territory. 
Distripution.—Australia generally and Tasmania. 
Adult male—General colour of the upper-surface glossy black ; wing-coverts 
hoary-grey with black marginal or submarginal edgings ; quills and tail-feathers 
uniform glossy black ; the feathers on the fore-head, narrow and stiffened, are black ; 
sides of the fore-head, sides of face, throat, fore-neck, and entire under-surface pure 
white except the axillaries, under wing-coverts, and under tail-coverts, which are 
black. Bill and gular pouch yellow, culmen black; bare skin on face brownish- 
yellow ; iris greyish-white ; feet black ; second scale on middle toe plum colour. 
Total length 610 mm.; culmen 34, wing 238, tail 165, tarsus 38. 
Adult female——Similar in every respect to the adult male but smaller. Wing 
232 mm. ; culmen 32, tail 155. 
Nestling—With tail and wing-feathers partially developed; is dense black 
with white feathers interspersed over the entire abdomen, more thickly on the thighs 
and vent ; the head is quite naked as far as the ear-coverts, which have white tufts. 
Bill black, basal portion and a patch near the tip of the lower mandible yellowish- 
white ; fore-head and crown of head dirty white ; throat purplish-flesh colour ; 
interramal space pale greenish-white ; iris, outer ring dirty white, inner one brown ; 
feet black. 
Immature.—In this species, asin the majority of others, is chiefly distinguished 
by its brown upper-surface. 
Nest—Composed of sticks and lined with leaves, and placed in low trees. 
Eggs —Clutch, three to five ; similar to those of other members of the family ; 
axis 43 to 46 mm., diameter 30 to 32. 
Breeding-season.—September to January. (Queensland and New South Wales.) 
May. (Darwin, Northern Territory.) 
Distribution and forms—Australia generally and recorded from the islands 
to the north, but not New Zealand, as we now consider the Neozelanic species of 
Microcarbo distinct. Australian forms not well known owing to lack of specimens. 
Genus PHALACROCORAX. 
Phalacrocorax Brisson, Ornith., Vol. I., p. 60, Vol. VI., p. 511, 1760. Type (by tautonymy) : 
Phalacrocorax = Pelecanus carbo Linné. 
Carbo Lacepéde, Tabl. Ois., p. 15, Dec. 1799. Species added by Daudin in Hist. Nat. Buffon, 
ed. Didot, Quadr., Vol. XIV., p. 318 [1799] = Oct. 1802. Type (by tautonymy): Carbo 
vulgaris = P. carbo Linné. 
Halieus Mliger, Prodr. Mamm. et Av., p. 279, (pref. April) 1811. New name for preceding. 
Carbonarius Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, p. 72, 1815. New name for “ Carbo Lac.”’ = 
Lacepéde, cf. Auk, Vol. XXVi., p. 50, Jan. 1909. 
Hydrocorax Vieillot, Analyse nouv. Ornith., p. 63, April 14th, 1816. Type (by monotypy) ; 
Cormoran = P. carbo Linné. 
Not Hydrocorax Brisson, Ornith., Vol. IV., p. 566, 1760. 
Cormoranus Baillon, Mem. Soc. Roy. Abbeville, p. 76, 1833 [1834]. Type (by subsequent 
designation, Mathews, List Birds Austr., p. 95, 1913): P. carbo Linné. 
Graucalus Gray, List Genera Birds, 2nd ed., p. 101, Sept. 1841. Type (by original designa- 
tion): P.carbo Linné. 
Not Graucalus Cuvier, Le Régne Anim., Vol. I., p. 341, Dec. 7th, 1816. 
Ecmeles Gistel, Naturg. Thierr. Schul., p. rx., (pref. Easter 1847) 1848. Newname for Hydro- 
corax Vieillot. 
Large Phalacrocoracine birds with long hooked bills, long neck, long wings, 
medium tail, short legs and long toes, all the toes, including the hind one, connected 
with a web. 
The bill is long and slender, with culmen depressed, and a very sharp, prominent 
hook. The culmen is separated from the lateral portions by a narrow groove in 
