92 A MANUAL OF THE BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA. 
behind, and although short, is longer than the middle toe ; the webs between the 
anterior toes noticeably incised and the hind-toe short. 
Coloration grey above with black top of head, full crest, and white below. 
66. Pelecanopus bergii.—CRESTED TERN. 
[Sterna bergii Lichtenstein, Verzeichn. doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 80, (pref. Sept.) 1823 : 
Cape of Good Hope. Extra-limital.] 
Gould, Vol. VII., pls. 23, 24 (pt. xxxrv.), Dee. Ist, 1848. Mathews, Vol. II., pt. 3, pl. 106, 
Sept. 20th, 1912. 
Sterna pelecanoides King, Survey Intertrop. Coasts Austr., Vol. II., p. 422, “1827 ”’ = April 
26th, 1826: Torres Strait. 
Sterna poliocerca Gould, Synops. Birds Austr., pt. 11, pl. (37), April 1st, 1837: Tasmania. 
Sterna novehollandie Pucheran, Revue Zool., Oct. 1850, p. 545, Nov. ex Cuvier MS. : 
Nouvelle Hollande, coll. by Peron and Lesueur = Tasmania. 
Not of Stephens, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., Vol. XIII., pt. 1., p. 161, 1826. 
Pelecanopus nigripennis Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, Vol. XLII., p. 772, 
May 1856: New name for “ S. novehollandie Cuv.” 
Thalasseus bergii gwendolene Mathews, Nov. Zool., Vol. XVIII., p. 208, Jan. 31st, 1912: 
Perth, South-west Australia. 
DistriputTion.—Australia generally and Tasmania. 
Adult male—Back, scapulars, wings, and tail ash-grey ; primary-quills silvery- 
grey on the outer webs, somewhat dark on the outer web near the base, inner webs 
grey next the shaft, inner portion white ; inner primaries silvery-grey with white on 
the inner webs ; secondaries white with grey on the outer webs, the grey increasing 
in extent on the innermost feathers ; middle tail-feathers like the back, the outer 
ones grey with white inner webs, the outermost pair almost entirely white ; crown 
of head and long nape feathers black ; fore-head, lores, neck all round, and under- 
surface of body white, like the axillaries and under wing-coverts ; a small patch 
of grey feathers on the sides of the breast ; bill yellow, base green ; iris brown, feet 
black. Total length 480 mm.; culmen 55, wing 345, tail 176, tarsus 27. 
Adult female-—Similar to the adult male ; culmen 52, wing 326, tail 164. 
Adult in winter-plumage.—Differs from the adult bird in breeding-plumage 
by the absence of the black on the crown of the head ; the feathers on the fore-part 
of the head, face, and sides of nape with white margins, becoming black on the 
occiput. 
Immature female—Differs from the adult female in having some of the feathers 
of the upper back with dark shaft-streaks, the lesser wing-coverts rusty-brown, 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts brown ; primary-quills brown, inner webs white ; 
secondaries white with brown on the outer webs, middle tail-feathers white tipped 
with grey, outer feathers brown with white on the inner webs, the outermost pair 
white tipped with brown ; the feathers on the fore-part of the head black margined 
with white, while those on the nape are brown. 
Immature (before moulting into full breeding-plumage).—Head more or less dark 
brown, feathers with white bases and whitish tips ; fore-head and lores whitish with 
a few brown speckles ; a spot just in front of the eye dark ; a few brown tips to the 
feathers on the sides of the neck ; feathers of the bend of the wing whitish, greater 
wing-coverts dark brownish-grey ; median wing-coverts ashy-grey ; lesser wing- 
coverts darker ashy-grey. 
Immature (in change from juvenile plumage)—A few brown-tipped feathers 
remain on the upper back ; the majority of the feathers slaty ; the scapulars and 
median coverts, however, show the juvenile plumage to still predominate. 
Juvenile (young bird just ready to fly)—The feathers of the head have white 
bases and tips, the middle being dark brown, the head having thus an even mottled 
appearance ; the sides and back of the neck are white, some of the feathers having 
