130 A MANUAL OF THE BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA. 
ones paler and more broadly edged with white ; central tail-feathers dark brown 
fringed with ferruginous, the outer feathers pale brown and edged with white; a 
circle of short white feathers surrounds the eye ; fore-head, lores, a line over the 
eye, sides of face, and throat white, with dark pear-shaped spots on the middle of 
the feathers, which become larger and coarser on the ear-coverts, sides of neck, 
lower throat, and chest which are tinged with ferruginous, some of the feathers 
on the sides of the chest and breast are more or less grey ; breast and sides of body 
paler with dark V-shaped markings to the feathers ; middle of abdomen white ; 
under tail-coverts white with dark lanceolate markings to the feathers; under 
wing-coverts dark brown broadly fringed with white, the greater series greyish- 
brown with white borders ; under side of quills also greyish-brown, paler on the 
inner webs at the basal portion, and with conspicuous white shafts ; bill brown, 
base of lower mandible pale brown ; iris brown ; feet and legs olive. Total length 
230 mm. ; culmen 25, wing 125-130, tail 55, tarsus 30. 
Adult female—Similar to the adult male. 
Immature —Head, upper back, and scapulars black, with rufous or white edgings 
to the feathers; hind-neck dark brown, the feathers margined with buffy-grey ; 
lesser, median, marginal, and greater wing-coverts dark brown, edged with white 
at the tips, inclining to grey on the inner coverts ; bastard-wing and primary- 
coverts dark brown, some of the latter narrowly tipped with white; primary- 
and secondary-quills also dark brown, the latter fringed with white at the tips ; 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dull black, the feathers of the latter 
margined with rufous at the tips ; the lateral upper tail-coverts white, with black 
shaft-lines ; middle tail-feathers dark browr, edged with rufous, the outer feathers 
pale brown with white margins ; throat, lores, and eyebrow whitish ; sides of 
face, sides of neck, fore-neck, and sides of breast buff with dark narrow shaft-lines ; 
middle of breast and sides of body uniform sandy-buff ; abdomen and under tail- 
coverts dull white, with dark shaft-streaks to the latter ; axillaries and under wing- 
coverts white ; the marginal coverts dark brown, edged with white, the greater 
under wing-coverts grey, tipped with white; bill brown, base of lower mandible 
olive-brown ; iris brown; tarsi and feet olive-yellow. Total length 215 mm.; 
culmen 25, wing 128, tail 56, tarsus 30. 
Nestling, Nest and Eggs—Unlknown. 
Distribution and forms—Breeds in Siberia, migrating southward to Australia, 
ete., in winter. 
Genus PISOBIA. 
Pisobia Billberg, Synops. Faun Scend., Vol. I., pt. 1., p. 136, 1828. Type (by subsequent 
designation, Amer. O.U. Comm., Auk, July 1908, p. 366): Tringa minuta Leisler (cf. Austral 
Av. Rec., Vol. II., pts. 2 and 3, p. 40, Oct. 23rd, 1913.) 
Leimonites Kaup, Skizz. Entwick.-Gesch. Nat. Syst., p. 37, (pref. April) 1829. Type (by 
monotypy): Tringa temminckit Leisler. 
Actodromas Kaup, tb., p. 55. Type (by monotypy): 7. minuta Leisler. 
Heteropygia Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1861, p. 190, July. Type (by original 
designation): Tringa bonapartet = Tringa fuscicollis Vieillot. 
Delopygia Coues, 7b. (note). Alternative name for Heteropygia. 
Neopisobia Mathews, Birds Austr., Vol. III., pt. 3, p. 245, Aug. 18th, 1913. Type (by 
monotypy): Totanus damacensis Auct. not Horsfield = Tringa subminuta Middend. 
Smallest Waders with short straight slender bills, long wings, comparatively 
long tails, short legs, and short feet. The culmen is short, straight, and slender, 
with the groove in the upper mandible extending almost to the tip ; the tip is some- 
what expanded and faintly punctulate. The culmen is shorter than the metatarsus, 
and less than half the length of the tail. 
The wings are long and pointed with the first primary longest. The tail, which 
is strongly doubly emarginate, is less than half the length of the wing but more than. 
